Sport is its essence and criteria. Sports competition: concept, functions and features. Basic concepts of sports
Basic concepts of sports.
Issues for discussion:
1. Sports achievements, sports result, sports qualification.
2. Fitness, readiness, sports form of an athlete.
3. Qualification of sports.
4. Sports functions
Competitive activity is based on competition in a certain kind of sport, regulated by the rules for performing motor actions, the norms of behavior of the competitors and the methods of assessing the results achieved.
The diverse competitive activity characteristic of modern sports is divided into several groups, each of which includes related sports based on the use of various physical exercises and the characteristic features of wrestling. The principle of dividing sports into groups is based on various features: the structure of motor actions, abilities and qualities, which are the basis of achievements in this type. So, L.P. Matveev subdivides sports into groups according to the characteristics of the subject of competition and the nature of physical activity. TO first group include sports with extremely active motor activity of the competitors, the results of which depend on the athletes’ own motor abilities and are revealed in the course of the competition (gymnastics, swimming, Athletics and weightlifting sport games and etc.). Second group includes types, the basis of which is the actions to control various vehicles (motorcycle, yacht, car, etc.). Third group- sports, in which motor activity is strictly limited by the conditions of hitting a target from a special sports weapon (bow, rifle, etc.). IN fourth group sports are included, where the results of the model design activity of an athlete are compared (car models, aircraft models, etc.). The fifth group is sports, the main content of competitions in which is determined by the nature of the abstract-logical beating of an opponent (chess, checkers).
sports activities man covers two interrelated sides: transformative, in the process of which a person improves and transforms his nature, expands the boundaries of his capabilities; cognitive, in which the athlete receives the amount of knowledge, skills necessary to achieve high sports performance.
sporting achievement. In each case, its level is determined by the talent of the athlete, the effectiveness of the training system.
Highest Achievement is an indicator that reflects the maximum capabilities of a person in a given sport at a particular stage of its development.
Sports School- this is the established organizational and methodological system of training, education and training of an athlete, formed under the influence of socio-economic conditions, achievements of sports science and practice.
sports training is a specialized process physical education based on the use of physical exercises in order to develop and improve the qualities and abilities that determine the athlete's readiness to achieve the highest performance in the chosen sport. As a result of an athlete's training, a variety of morphological and functional changes occur, which determine the state of the athlete's fitness.
Fitness- these are predominantly biological processes associated with adaptive changes in the athlete's body.
Athlete training is usually divided into general and special.
General fitness- this is the effect of non-specific exercises that control health, increase the physical qualities and functionality of the organs and systems of the body in relation to various types of muscle activity.
Special fitness- this is the improvement of a specific type of muscular activity, chosen as a subject of sports specialization.
Preparedness is a concept that reflects the whole range of abilities of an athlete's body to manifest maximum capabilities in competitive activity.
Sports uniform- the state of the athlete's highest readiness for achievements, characteristic of this stage of sports improvement.
Essence and functions of sport.
Modern sociology of sport emphasizes its ever-increasing and multifaceted role in society. The scientific understanding of this fact comes from the analysis of the specific functions of sport as a social phenomenon and its various connections with other social phenomena. Sport performs a number of socially assigned functions.
The essence and meaning of sports
Sport as a multifaceted social phenomenon is a sphere of preparing a person for labor and other activities, meeting the spiritual needs of society, strengthening and expanding international ties, and also one of the important means of aesthetic education.
Sport is a gaming competitive activity aimed at achieving the highest result.
Sports have a number of specific features:
· Orientation to the highest achievements;
· Presence of sports competitions and participation in them;
· Profound specialization;
The presence of incentives in sports;
· Commonwealth of a coach and an athlete.
As you know, the competitive moment also takes place in other types of human activity (competitions in music, art). However, here competitions always act as only one of the ways to stimulate the activity of people. The exclusion of the competitive moment from the activity of a singer, painter, actor will not destroy the essence of their activity. Sports activity without its main constituent element - competition completely loses its specificity.
All over the world, sports are developing in the following areas:
Mass or basic sports;
· Sports of the highest achievements;
professional sports.
Basic sport characterized by relatively low sports results and significant mass character. At this level of achievements, training of athletes is carried out in their free time from their main activity, takes place under the guidance of coaches of various qualifications. The mode of training and its structure are often regulated by the possibilities of operating the sports base. A significant place is given to the solution of health problems, the rational organization of free time, as well as preparation for work.
Sports of the highest achievements associated with the desire to achieve the highest sports results. Training is carried out under the guidance of highly qualified coaches, it uses the latest achievements of science and technology, great training and competitive loads are used, and athletes undergo a thorough selection.
Professional sports develops both according to the laws of business and the laws of sports to the extent that they can be embodied in the training of professional athletes. In this case, sport is a profession, and each athlete receives a financial reward in accordance with the "value" of the athlete in the "sports market".
Great importance of sports:
Sport is one of the means of educating a person.
· Fight bad habits.
· Promotes a healthy lifestyle.
Improves and preserves the physical condition of a person.
Preparation of a person for labor and military activities.
Sport is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon. It is connected with all aspects of public life of people: politics, economy, culture, education and performs a number of functions:
1. Reference function - It is expressed in the fact that the level of sports achievements serves as a kind of measure, an example of the maximum development of a person’s sports abilities in a particular sport, and at the same time a guideline on the way to further disclosure and improvement of a person’s potential reserves.
2. Sports-prestigious function- sport is an important factor in the self-affirmation of the individual in society, raising the international prestige of the country.
3. Spectacular function- The "language" of sport is understandable to any person. At the heart of the spectacular appeal of sport lies its inherent high emotionality, sharpness, tension, honesty, beauty, masculinity and uncompromising struggle for victory.
4. aesthetic function- in the process of sports activities, athletes form certain aesthetic feelings, tastes, ideals. This finds expression in the beauty of the physique, in the beauty of performance, artistry and expressiveness of technical and tactical techniques and combinations.
The essence of sports training
Sports training is an integral part of the preparation of an athlete.
Sports training is a specialized process of physical education aimed at achieving maximum results with constant medical and pedagogical control and a rational regimen.
The positive effect of training should be expressed in an increased level of functional capabilities of the athlete's body, general and specific performance, to a greater extent the perfection of motor skills and abilities. These characteristics of the athlete's condition determine his fitness.
Fitness is the degree of adaptation of the athlete's body to physical activity.
"Sports training" is a more capacious concept than "sports training".
Sports training is a combination of all means, methods, forms and other factors used to achieve sports results.
The state achieved as a result of sports training is called sports preparedness.
Sports fitness is a complex result physical training, tactical training, mental training, those. if an athlete performs any exercises, this means that during the preparation, sports training is carried out. If, for example, he studies the features of the rivals' competitive activity by watching video recordings, then at that moment the preparation is carried out, but the training is not.
One of the results of sports training is the acquisition sportswear.
Sports form is the optimal and best readiness to achieve a high sports result.
The sports form is characterized by phase development.
1. Fit phase(corresponds to the end of the preparatory period). In this phase, the task of achieving a sports form is solved through a gradual transition from general to special physical training, and then the inclusion of an increasing amount of technical and tactical tasks in it.
2. The phase of sports form stabilization. The purpose of this phase is to maintain the sports form and, on the basis of this, to implement it in maximum results. However, the mere fact of entering into a sports uniform does not guarantee high results, because. the competitive potential at the same time may not meet the requirements of the planned achievements.
3. Phase of temporary loss of fitness(characteristic of the transitional period).
The main specific tool sports training are training exercises.
The whole complex of sports training means used in the process of training athletes can be divided into general preparatory, special preparatory and competitive exercises.
TO competitive exercises include actual competitive exercises and their training forms. For example, in athletics these include different kinds throwing: spear, discus, hammer, etc. Obviously, in some sports, the possible set of competitive exercises is limited (running, jumping, swimming), while in others it is much wider (sports games).
Special preparatory exercises necessarily have similarities with competitive ones in terms of the structure of movement or its individual phases, spatial, spatio-temporal, temporal characteristics, and the predominant manifestation of physical abilities. For example, a runner's special preparatory exercises include running along segments of a chosen distance; for gymnasts – performance of elements and combinations of competitive combinations; football players - individual, group and team actions and combinations with the ball and without the ball. The selection of special preparatory exercises is determined by the specifics of the chosen sport, and therefore the range of these exercises is usually relatively limited.
The widest set is general preparatory exercises. The range of general preparatory exercises is quite wide and varied. When choosing them, it is important to comply with the following requirements:
· Exercises must ensure the all-round development of the athlete;
· They should at the same time reflect the features of sports specialization.
In this regard, general pedagogical exercises should have a positive impact on the development of those qualities and skills that affect the formation of the athlete's specific abilities. In addition, the use of such exercises helps to reduce the monotony of training and can serve the purpose of outdoor activities.
In addition, in sports training are used and additional funds: simulators, various means of accelerating recovery processes, visual aids, etc.
sports training methods.
In the process of sports training, specific and non-specific methods of physical education are used.
TO general pedagogical methods used in sports training include storytelling, explanation, conversation, analysis, discussion, etc. Special terminology must be used. Efficiency training process largely depends on the skillful use of instructions, commands, comments, verbal assessments and explanations. The most accurate programming of the result of the training task allows method of strictly regulated exercise, in which the method of performing the exercise, distance, speed of movement are set. When using this method, learning the movement as a whole is carried out when mastering relatively simple exercises, as well as complex movements, the division of which into parts is impossible. However, when mastering an integral movement, the attention of athletes is consistently focused on the rational fulfillment of individual elements of an integral motor act. When learning more or less complex movements that can be divided into relatively independent parts, the development of sports equipment is carried out in parts. When applying this method, a large role is given to lead-in and imitation exercises.
Such characteristics competitive method, as elements of competition with the aim of achieving the best result (in terms of speed, accuracy of movements, number of repetitions, etc.) allow, first of all, to increase the activity of those involved, reduce the monotony of training, and also prepare athletes for successful actions in conditions of responsible competitions.
When using the competitive method, the conditions for conducting competitions should be widely varied in order to bring them as close as possible to those requirements that are most conducive to solving the tasks set.
game method used in the process of sports training not only for primary education movements or selective influence on individual abilities, how much for the complex improvement of motor activity in complicated conditions. To the greatest extent, it allows you to improve such qualities and abilities as dexterity, resourcefulness, quick orientation, independence, and initiative.
To increase aerobic capacity, develop special endurance for work of medium and long duration, methods are used in the continuous load mode: uniform, variable and tempo training method. An example is running at distances of 5,000 m and 10,000 m with both uniform and variable intensity. This exercise will, as a rule, contribute to an increase in the aerobic productivity of athletes, the development of their endurance for long-term work.
Methods in the interval load mode are widely used in sports practice: repeated, variable and progressive exercise method. Examples include typical series (repeated method) aimed at improving special endurance: 10x400; 10x1000 m - running. An example of a variable method can serve as a series for improving sprint qualities in running: 3x60 m s maximum speed, rest - 3-5 minutes, 30 m on the move with maximum speed, slow run - 200 meters. An example of a progressive exercise method is complexes that involve successive passage of segments of increasing length (for example, running segments of 400 m + 800 m + 1200 m + 2000 m) or a standard length with increasing speed (for example, six times swimming a distance of 200 meters with results - 2 min 14 s; 2 min 12 s; 2 min 10 s; 2 min 08 s; 2 min 06 s; 2 min 04 s).
Used in sports practice circuit training method aimed at the comprehensive improvement of physical qualities.
Forms organization of sports training are diverse. It can be: a lesson (training, training, training), self-training, morning special gymnastics, training camps, competitions.
The main aspects of the preparation of the athlete.
Theoretical preparation.
In the preparation of athletes important role plays their theoretical background. It is aimed at understanding the essence of sports activity, phenomena and processes directly related to it. Theoretical training is most directly related to the formation of the motivation of athletes, his volitional and special psychological training, training in sports techniques and tactics, the development of physical abilities, the assimilation by an athlete of the necessary knowledge, without which it is impossible to make the right decisions during the competition. The transfer and assimilation of knowledge in the process of theoretical studies take place in the same forms that are characteristic of mental education (lectures, seminars, conversations, independent study of literature).
Mental preparation.
Mental training is a system of psychological and pedagogical influences used to form and improve athletes' personality traits and mental qualities necessary for the successful completion of training activities, preparation for competitions and reliable performance in them. Mental preparation helps to create such a mental state that contributes, on the one hand, to the greatest use of physical and technical preparedness, and on the other hand, allows you to resist pre-competitive and competitive knocking factors (uncertainty in one's abilities, fear of a possible defeat, stiffness, overexcitation).
Allocate general And special mental preparation.
General mental preparation lies in the fact that it is aimed at developing and improving in athletes exactly those mental functions and qualities that are necessary for successful practice in the chosen sport. For example, one of the most important components of the mental preparation of an athlete is the education of will. In sports activities, volitional qualities (purposefulness, perseverance and perseverance, determination and courage, endurance and self-control) are manifested in overcoming obstacles. Examples are the length of the distance, the resistance of the opponent, meteorological conditions, a large amount of training load, the complexity of the action being learned, etc. This type of training also provides for teaching methods of active self-regulation of mental states in order to form emotional resistance to extreme conditions of wrestling, to develop the ability to quickly relieve the effects of nervous and physical overstrain, and arbitrarily control sleep patterns.
General physical training is carried out in the process of training. It is carried out in parallel with technical, tactical training.
Special mental training It is aimed mainly at the formation of an athlete's psychological readiness to participate in a particular competition. Psychological readiness for competitions is characterized by the athlete's confidence in his abilities, the desire to fight to the end to achieve the intended goal, the optimal level of emotional arousal, a high degree of resistance to various adverse external and internal influences, the ability to arbitrarily control their actions, feelings, their behavior in changing situations. wrestling conditions.
Physical training.
The physical training of an athlete is aimed at strengthening and maintaining health, shaping the athlete's physique, increasing the functional capabilities of the body, and developing physical abilities. It is subdivided into general And special physical training. general physical preparation involves the versatile development of physical qualities, functional capabilities and body systems of an athlete. Thanks to general physical training, an athlete acquires the necessary stock of motor skills for subsequent technical training and provides himself with such a level of performance that allows him to successfully carry out special physical, technical and tactical training. For example, if a shot putter does not have enough aerobic endurance, he will tire quickly when performing a series of speed-strength exercises. General physical training should be carried out during the entire annual training cycle. The means of general physical training are physical exercises that have a general effect on the body and personality of the athlete. These include various movements - running, skiing, swimming, outdoor and sports games, etc.
Special physical training consists in such upbringing of motor abilities, which provides the athlete with the opportunity to successfully operate in the conditions of competition in the chosen sport. The main means of special physical training are competitive exercises and specially - preparatory exercises.
Technical training.
Technical training includes training in sports technique and its improvement. The technical readiness of an athlete is characterized by what he can do and how he masters the technique of mastered actions. A sufficiently high level of technical readiness is called technical mastery. Conditionally distinguish general And special technical training.
Tasks general technical training consist in expanding the base of motor skills and abilities, as well as in the development of motor-coordinating abilities, which contribute to technical improvement in the chosen sport.
Main task special technical training is the formation of such skills and abilities to perform competitive actions that allow the opponent to use his capabilities in competitions with the greatest efficiency.
An important component of technical training is to ensure optimal readiness to learn actions. If an athlete does not have sufficient physical fitness, then the technique will inevitably be distorted.
Another feature of technical training is the need to urgently identify and eliminate errors. Therefore, the formation of a motor skill (at the stage of initial learning) and especially a skill (at the stage of in-depth learning) must necessarily be accompanied by careful control of the correctness of movement.
The means of technical training are actually competitive exercises and their training forms.
Tactical training.
Tactical training is a process aimed at mastering rational forms of wrestling in the process of specific competitive activity. The high tactical skill of an athlete is based on a good level of technical, physical, mental readiness.
The tactical knowledge of an athlete means information about the principles and rational forms of tactics developed in the chosen sport. There are two types of tactical training: general And special.
General tactical training is aimed at mastering the knowledge and tactical skills necessary for success in sports competitions in the chosen sport.
Special tactical training is aimed at mastering the knowledge and tactical actions necessary for successful performance in specific competitions and against a specific opponent.
2. The essence of sport and its basic concepts
So what is sport? It is very difficult to give a generalized analysis of sports. Sociologists consider sports activities as one of the social phenomena in a person's life; physiologists - as a means of the strongest influence on the human body in extreme conditions; teachers - as a process of educating the younger generation and, mainly, motor qualities, etc.
The entire history of sports science is connected with the knowledge of the laws of human sports activity, the patterns of growth in the skill of athletes, ultimately aimed at creating a system of the training process as a constantly evolving object and at developing effective ways to manage this activity.
Sport can be considered as a set of material and spiritual values achieved for a particular historical period in the life of society, which allow them to be directed to the development of specialized human activities: motor and functional abilities. Moreover, this activity has a clearly directed character - to the purposeful intensification of the motor, morpho-functional, mental and intellectual capabilities of a person in order to implement them in competitive activities.
Therefore, sport must be associated primarily with competitions, demonstration of achievements in specialized sports activities under the conditions of mandatory regulation of the behavior of competitors (in accordance with the principles of non-antagonistic rivalry) and standardization of competition rules. In addition, to this characteristic of sport, features should be added that make it possible to separate this activity of a person from his other activities:
sport is not directly related to production (however, this can only be fully attributed to the sport of the highest achievements);
sports without intensive special training cannot exist;
those involved in sports are aimed at achieving maximum results, the implementation of their motor, mental and intellectual abilities at the same level;
maximum sports achivments are compared only in comparable forms of competitions (single rules, sports qualifications, identical competition conditions, material and technical base, etc.).
Sports competitions are the leading function of sports activities and ensure the identification of winners among athletes and sports teams, distribute all participants in the competition according to the rank of their sportsmanship. Only competitions can be an objective criterion for the creative work of a coach and an athlete, the achievements of science and practice. Competitions allow you to fully reveal the reserve capabilities of a person.
Sports activity is the actions of an athlete regulated taking into account certain rules of the competition. It includes not only the nature of individual actions in training and competition, but also behavior within the framework of sports ethics. Sports activities are always aimed at achieving sports results.
All of the above concepts can be conditionally taken as initial ones.
sports training- this is a controlled scientific and pedagogical process of training athletes, aimed at sports improvement through a systematic and purposeful impact on the physical, morpho-functional and mental capabilities of an athlete in order to achieve high results.
sports training in the narrow sense of the word, it is understood as closely interconnected physical, moral-volitional, mental, technical and tactical training, carried out through physical exercises.
Let's dwell on these components of sports training in more detail.
Physical training- this is the process of developing the physical capabilities (abilities) of a person, especially his main motor qualities - strength, speed, endurance, flexibility and coordination.
The development indicators of these qualities form the basis of sports performance. As a rule, physical training in a particular sport is aimed at the predominant development of motor qualities that form the basis of the chosen sports specialization. Physical training is divided into general (GPP) and special physical training (SFP).
Sports and technical training- achievement of a rational, economical and optimal technique for performing special and specially auxiliary exercises. At the same time, the characteristics of the technical training of an athlete in the conditions of his performances at competitions are of particular importance.
tactical training- this is, to a certain extent, the level of manifestation of theoretical and intellectual knowledge in the field of this sport. Tactical training is aimed at mastering the improvement of tactics in the chosen sport, the effective use of the entire set of skills and abilities, taking into account certain competition conditions, as well as other objective factors. This training is divided into general tactical and special tactical training. In the first case, the athlete learns to use the tactics of wrestling from the experience of other sports, and in the second case, tactics of the chosen sport are used.
mental preparation- this is a sports and pedagogical process aimed at educating the personality of an athlete, his moral and volitional qualities, psychological stability and readiness for a tense struggle in order to defeat an opponent. This preparation is carried out throughout the long-term training process.
Sports uniform- this is a state of an athlete when he reaches the optimal level of the relationship between physical, mental and technical capabilities at a particular stage of training and realized in a competition. As a rule, such an optimal ratio of various training components is achieved through special training for a long time. At that time, the athlete's body was gradually brought to responsible competitions. An even more complex process is maintaining a high athletic form for a long period, especially where it is necessary (football, hockey, etc.). However, you need to know that maintaining a high state of sports form is not only extremely difficult, but also inactive, as it leads to a rapid depletion of the nervous and physical capabilities of athletes.
Sports achivments. In every sport, they represent a demonstration of the individual and group capabilities of athletes and are considered as a recognized criterion for success. Sports achievements are a historically conditioned stage of human capabilities realized in sports activities. They are evaluated in each sport, first of all, in winning over an opponent, and the criterion for these achievements can be expressed in points, kilograms, seconds, occupied place and other types of measurements.
Sports achievements can be due to the following factors:
individual sports talent and the degree of readiness to achieve high results (records);
way of life;
environmental conditions;
material prerequisites;
scientific and methodological support for the training of athletes and the degree of introduction of advanced scientific developments into the practice of sports;
the scope of the sports movement in a given society.
Sports result. It differs from the concept of "sporting achievement", as it characterizes only a quantitative and qualitative indicator achieved for a particular period of training and shown in competition conditions. The growth of a sports result is closely dependent on the training methodology, the use of higher volumes and intensity training loads, especially at the first stages of a long-term training process.
Sports qualification- quantitative and qualitative level of preparedness of an athlete in this sport. This indicator is relative and varies depending on the level of sports achievements at a particular stage of society.
Sports types. Conventionally, human sports activity is divided into two main areas - sports of the highest achievements and mass sports. At the same time, it is customary to distinguish as components of mass sports: "general-condition sports" (ensuring the achievement and preservation of basic physical fitness), professional and applied sports (aimed at preparing a person for professional activity), health-improving and recreational sports (using elements of sports as means of recreation, restoration of working capacity, as well as for organizing interesting recreation, etc.).
Sports of the highest achievements. This concept in sports practice is usually attributed to those athletes who have approached the stage of record achievements, are preparing to win prizes in prestigious competitions, and strive to receive a high sports title: master of sports of international class, honored master of sports. When athletes achieve these criteria, the pedagogical skills of the coach, sports team, sports club, attendants, sciences, etc. are evaluated. early stage of the training process.
Professional sports(commercial sport) by its nature is very close to the sport of the highest achievements, but at its core is based on competitions, where the goal is not only to defeat your opponent, but, most importantly, to get the highest possible reward for your victory. Consequently, in this type of sport, the economic incentive of both the professional himself and the club that supports him comes to the fore. The most important features of professional sports are their entertainment, which allows them to attract a large number of spectators, the media and television, as well as prestige and economy. This type of activity of an athlete is blocked for him by a profession defined by labor legislation, a contract, and pensions.
Sports for all is focused on the development and dissemination of the culture of motor activity, taking into account the inclination of the student, his physical and functional capabilities. For mass sports, as well as for sports in general, competitiveness, maximum effort, specialization and orientation towards high results are characteristic. But at the same time, it is important to take into account that in this sport competitions are held at the level of equal opportunities, the manifestation of efforts is at the level of the accessible. The possibility of mastering several types of port is allowed.
Kinds of sports(groups). They are distinguished on the basis of the subject basis of human competitive activity. A wide variety of sports have evolved over the course of history, with more than 60 of them internationally recognized and this recognition of such sports continues. So, in practice there are pitchforks of sports that are included in the program of the Olympic Games, the World Cup, Europe and other regions of the Earth, for example, the programs of the World student games, sports competitions, etc. On the other hand, only in our country there are a lot of different competitions in national sports (there are more than 100 of them), which are not among the official, generally accepted in the world of sports.
Sports are grouped according to the following criteria:
the first group is the largest, it includes sports in which sports achievements depend on the motor activity (capacity) of the person involved (athletics, weightlifting, gymnastics, sports games, wrestling, etc.);
the second group covers sports with actions controlled by special technical vehicles (motorcycle, car, airplane, yacht, etc.);
the third group - it includes sports in which physical activity is associated with hitting a target from sports weapons (rifle, pistol, bow);
the fourth group consists of sports in which the results of the modeling and design activities (thoughts) of athletes are compared (aeromodelling, etc.);
the fifth group - it combines sports with abstract-logical beating (chess, checkers).
All topics in this section:
BBK 7 TZZ
Authors: B. A. Ashmarin, Yu. A. Vinogradov, Z. N. Vyatkina, Yu. Yu. N. Moroz, N. A. Notkina, B. A. Petrov, I. P. Potapchenko, O
Physical education as a social system
The analysis of physical education as a social phenomenon makes it possible to learn the main patterns of the formation and development of the Soviet system of physical education, the features of its functioning and
Theory and methods of physical education as a scientific and educational discipline
The theory and methods of physical education as a major scientific and educational discipline forms the system of fundamental knowledge that determines professional activity in the field of physical education.
Concepts and terms
The concept of "physical exercise" is associated with ideas about the movements and motor actions of a person. Movement as a motor function of the body is a change in the position of the body or its hour.
Physical exercise is the main remedy
The effectiveness of physical education is achieved using the entire system of means, however, the largest share in solving the problems of training and education falls on the share of physical exercises.
Learning principles
Knowledge of the content of the principles of teaching allows the teacher to build teaching in accordance with the requirements that reflect the laws of the process of teaching physical exercises: firstly,
Teaching methods
Special knowledge and motor actions as subjects of training in physical education require the teacher to master certain methods of teaching, and the students - methods of teaching. How to west
Learning as a process of motor skill formation
The formation of systems of motor skills, which is one of the leading tasks of physical education, is based on the relevant patterns. Knowing them will allow you to correctly evaluate uneven
Time of action. Gradual and uneven skill formation
All of the above about the skill allows us to conclude that it is formed gradually through a series of transformations over a relatively long period of time. This regularity is reflected in the staging
Social conditionality of education of physical qualities
From birth, a child is endowed with an appropriate set of physical potentialities, laid down in him by hereditary programs of individual development. During the biological maturation of organs and
Principles of education of physical qualities
The upbringing of physical qualities and the development of physical abilities appear as a holistic process that combines individual interrelated aspects of improving the physical nature of a person.
The strength and methodology of her upbringing
Concepts and terms The physical quality of strength is understood as the interaction of the psychophysiological processes of the human body, which make it possible to actively overcome external resistances and
Endurance and the method of its education
Concepts and terms Endurance is understood as the unity of the manifestation of the psychophysiological and bioenergetic functions of the human body, which make it possible to resist fatigue for a long time during
Dexterity and the method of its education
Concepts and terms The physical quality of dexterity is understood as the unity of the interaction of the functions of the central and peripheral control of the human motor system, allowing
The speed and method of its education v
Concepts and terms
Changing the nature of knowledge in the process of their development
Knowledge is acquired during active mental activity carried out in the system of mental operations (analysis and synthesis, comparisons, generalizations, etc.), and is fixed in the mind of the student in the form
Using knowledge in teaching motor actions
Based on the information received from the teacher, the student, even before the start of the exercise, has the opportunity to form in his own mind an idea of the technique of the exercise, to make a mental
Knowledge system
One of the decisive conditions for the usefulness of the physical education of schoolchildren is the arming of their knowledge system. This system is characterized, firstly, by the volume (diversity) of the
Basic requirements for the methodology of knowledge formation
Formation of knowledge in the classroom physical education, obeying the general psychological and pedagogical patterns, has distinctive features due to the originality of the tasks of physical education
The role of educational activity in moral education
When studying physical exercises, the student's educational activity acquires the character of educational-motor activity. Based on the theory of activity and its role in human development (A. N. Leont
Formation of moral consciousness
Morality, spirituality as the core qualities of a person require the assimilation of a system of moral knowledge, concepts that are a prerequisite for students to realize their duties and habits
Formation of the experience of moral behavior
The effectiveness of the process of moral education should be assessed by the degree to which the understanding of moral norms merges with the behavior of the student. The main drawback of education is the gap in moral knowledge
Education of moral feelings
No matter how perfect the method of forming moral consciousness, behavior, but if it is not addressed to the spiritual essence of a person, it is helpless. The very content of the educational and motor
Implementation of the principles of education in the process of physical exercises
The construction of the educational process, addressed to the formation of the basic moral manifestations of the personality, is based on the creative use of the principles of education. The current system
The influence of physical exercises on the mental development of students
Intellectual development, argued P. F. Lesgaft, requires a corresponding physical development. Already in our time, V. A. Sukhomlinsky emphasized that the intellectual wealth of the individual (on a par with
Physical education is one of the ways to prepare students for work
Creative labor activity requires the harmonious development of a person, including his physical nature. But the influence of labor activity itself on a person can be not only positive, but
The role of educational motor activity in aesthetic education
Aesthetic education includes all aspects of the spiritual life of an emerging personality. It is inextricably linked with the formation of the ideological image of the individual. Show physical education practice
Features of the methodology of classes
Teaching physical exercises has a certain specificity in each age group. In groups of children of early and younger preschool age motor tasks should be interesting, formulas
The Importance of Physical Education
The importance of the physical education of schoolchildren is due to the needs of the Soviet state in preparing a healthy, comprehensively physically developed, able-bodied younger generation to fully
Tasks of physical education
Achieving the ultimate goal of education involves ensuring the interconnection of all its aspects. Therefore, when determining the tasks of physical education, not only its specificity is taken into account, but also the place and fun
Forms of organization of physical education
The success of solving the whole variety of tasks of physical education of schoolchildren requires the combined efforts of the teaching staff of the school, employees of out-of-school institutions and parents. Only in this
Lesson as the main form of the educational process
The essence of the educational process is expressed in the organic combination of tasks, means and methods of training and education within the framework of a single form of their organization. Such a connection provides
School lesson of physical education
Obeying the general provisions on the lesson of physical education, the school lesson has features due to the age capabilities of students of different classes, the content of curricula and
Study planning
Planning of educational work in the subject "Physical culture" differs significantly in its content from planning in other academic subjects. This is due to the specifics of the process
Lesson quarter plan
Lesson quarter plan is a consistent presentation of the content of each lesson of the academic quarter. It is compiled on the basis of the annual schedule of the program
Monitoring the results of educational and cognitive activities
The success of educational and cognitive activities is largely due to the timeliness and systematic control, the objectivity of assessing quantitative and qualitative indicators.
Evaluation and record keeping
The results of the current and final control of educational and cognitive activity of students are expressed in an assessment that reflects the degree of fulfillment of a certain set of educational tasks and
Physical culture and recreation activities in the mode of the school day
This form of organization of physical education of schoolchildren consists of: gymnastics before training sessions, physical education minutes (pauses), physical exercise on an extended change. They are used as
Physical education in an ungraded rural school
Features of work. Among rural general education schools, about half are occupied by small-grade schools: primary, eight-year, and secondary. Such schools are created in sparsely populated areas and where children
Physical education in full-time schools
The meaning and features of the work. The full-day school is a new type of school that ensures the close unity of all aspects of the communist education of students in accordance with their individual
Physical education of schoolchildren
with deviations in the state of health In accordance with the state of health and physical fitness, all schoolchildren are divided into three medical groups: basic, preparatory
Meaning and tasks
For vocational school students, the importance of physical education is determined not only by its general social functions, but also by the possibilities in solving some problems of professional training. Professional
Goal and tasks
The life and study of modern students are becoming more intense every year, requiring the rational use of time and effort. Under these conditions, one of the means of increasing mental and physical
Kinds of sports
Kinds of sports differ on the basis of the subject basis of co-recreational activity. Each sport contains only its inherent ways of conducting a competitive struggle, the rules of the competition.
Training of athletes as a long-term continuous process
The concept of "training of athletes" is typical for sports of the highest achievements and training sports reserves. This is a set of activities that ensures a high level of readiness for competitions.
4. Development of training methods, the emergence of qualified trainers.
5. The presence of fierce competition, struggle, confrontation.
6. Expansion of the geography of the development of sports.
7. Commercialization (law of business). Professional athletes are influenced by certain targets associated with material rewards for each start in accordance with the “cost” of an athlete in the “sports market”.
Table 1
Elements of personal physical culture
(by and, 2001)
№ | Main | Components qualities | signs qualities |
Knowledge and intellectual abilities | Volume | Erudition |
|
Scientific |
Validity |
||
mindfulness | Degree of awareness Ability to transfer Ability to explain |
||
Skills | Assimilation rate |
||
physical perfection | Morphological features Functional features psychomotor Physical Qualities |
||
Motor Skills Mind Control | Low absorption |
||
motor skills | High level assimilation Precision Automation Reliability |
||
Physical fitness | Reference Result Dynamics |
||
motives | social significance professional value Personal value |
||
Motivational value orientations | Interests | Sports Physical culture and health |
|
Settings | Goal Achievement Level Strength of will purposefulness |
||
Beliefs | Degree of awareness |
||
Needs | self esteem In social connections Security Physiological |
||
Socio-spiritual values | Moral | Physical culture and sports ethics and culture |
|
Aesthetics | Sense of beauty Feeling of beauty |
||
Attitude towards work | industriousness |
||
outlook | The degree of scientific knowledge and beliefs |
||
Healthy lifestyle | Rejection of bad habits Consistency |
||
Physical culture and sports activities | Sports wellness Applied Self improvement | Frequency of use Time spent |
Lecture #3
Topic: Essence and functions of sports
Plan:
1. The concept of sports. The essence of sports (classification of sports)
2. Functions of physical culture and sports
3. Sports classification
Literature:
1. Platonov, training athletes in Olympic sports
2. Kuramshin, Yu. F. TiMFK
3. Kholodov, Zh. K., Kuznetsov, V. S. TiMFViS
4. Volkov, I. P. OTiMST
5. Ilyinich, student culture
6. Kholodov, Zh. K., Kuznetsov, according to TiMFViS
-1-
The concept of sports. The essence of sports
Sports in the form of competitive exercises already existed in primitive society. In a slave-owning society, sport reached its maximum development in Ancient Greece. This is evidenced by the facts from the IFC.
At present, sport has taken such a place in the life of society that it has never occupied in the history of mankind. In scientific terms, "sport" is now usually considered in a narrow and broad sense.
Sports in the narrow sense of the word – This is actually a competitive activity aimed at achieving the highest results.
This activity has a number of specific features. These include:
a) the presence of struggle, confrontation, competition directly in the game, duel, fight at a distance, etc.;
b) unification of the actions through which the athlete's activity is carried out, the conditions for their implementation and methods for assessing achievements in accordance with the official rules;
c) regulation of the behavior of athletes in accordance with the principles of relations between people.
In a broad sense sport includes the actual competitive activity, special training for it, as well as specific interpersonal relationships and behavioral norms and achievements arising in the process of this activity.
Thus, we can conclude: sport is a type of activity that has historically developed as one of the ways to identify, compare and develop a person's abilities in the struggle for superiority, for the highest sporting achievements.
The field of sports is a specialized socially-organized system that has formed around the competition. The sphere of modern sports includes: management, ideological, scientific, methodological, software, regulatory and medical support; staff training; logistical and financial support; selection and training of athletes and much more (fig. below).General scope of sports
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It is quite obvious that there are close relationships between these blocks (services, subsystems), and each of them can be subjected to varying degrees of detail. For example, the management system can be considered at the national level and at the level of the city, club; selection of children for classes, candidates for national teams, for participation in competitions, etc.
Sport – a kind of cultural activity that has developed in the form of competitions and a system of preparation for them.
A characteristic feature of sports is competitive activity. , a specific form of which are competitions, which make it possible to identify, compare and compare human capabilities on the basis of a clear regulation of the interactions of the competitors, unification of the composition of actions(weight of projectile, opponent, distance, etc.), conditions for their implementation and methods for assessing achievements according to established rules.
Special preparation for competitive activity in sports is carried out in the form of sports training.
Achieving high sports results is impossible without a good system of training an athlete, carried out in the field of diverse interpersonal contacts that develop between coaches, athletes, etc. They are carried out at various levels, from a sports team to competitions at various international levels.
Sports classification
SPORTS can be classified according to various criteria:
1. According to the target settings, they distinguish
Sports of the highest achievements:
Grassroots sports
2. In terms of scale and organization within the framework of the international sports movement, there are:
Olympic
Non-Olympic sport
3. According to the nature of economic relations between athletes, federations, clubs, which are associated with obtaining financial profit, the income of athletes from sports activities, there are:
Commercial
Non-commercial sports
4. According to the main type of activity of a person who has chosen any kind of sport as his main sphere of application of his strengths and abilities, they distinguish:
Professional
amateur sports
5. According to the forms of organization of classes, there are:
Educational sport (as a mandatory process carried out in the system of general and
special education)
Amateur sports (as a voluntary process carried out in free time)
6. According to the age categories of athletes included in sports activities, there are:
Youth sports
Sports for adults
7. According to the socio-professional status of athletes, there are:
school sports
Student sports
Military (army) sports, etc.
8. By the nature of its application to prepare for any professional activity, there are:
professional applied
Military applied sports
9. By the nature of its use in the field of leisure, recreation, entertainment, restoration of human performance, preservation of previously acquired skills and qualities, they distinguish:
Wellness and recreation
Physical culture and conditioning sports
10. By the nature of deviations in the state of health of athletes participating in competitions:
deaf and mute
Sports for people with intellectual disabilities, etc.
11. According to the subject of competitions and the nature of the activity of athletes, there are: athletics, water sports, speed skating, skiing, motor sports, chess, etc.
-2-
Social functions of sports
The functions of sport are understood as objectively inherent properties to influence a person and human relations, to satisfy and develop certain needs of an individual and society. The functions of sports are conditionally divided:
w specific (competitive-reference, heuristic-achievement)
w general (having social and social significance, such as the function of personality-oriented education, training and development; health-improving and recreational; emotional and entertainment; communicative function and economic function)
SPECIFIC functions:
Ø Reference function
The essence, which lies in the maximum identification, comparison and objective assessment of certain human capabilities in the process of competition. Achieving sports results, striving for it. Technique, tactics of competitive exercises are standards, as well as physique. This function is most pronounced in SVD, where there is a steady increase in world records, but it is also characteristic of sports in general. The level of achievements in sports, unlike other standards, does not remain unchanged, but increases over time, thereby stimulating the implementation of the efforts of athletes to improve their abilities, despite the apparent limits of human capabilities.
Ø heuristic function
It is a creative-search activity, including moments of discovery, discovering something new. Discoveries in the field of sports something new. It is most fully expressed in SVD, since on the way to them it is necessary to constantly improve the training system, look for new means, training methods, tactical solutions for wrestling, elements of technology (for example, swimsuits in swimming - new fabric, pharmacology, caps, skates, research , simulators), selection methods, means of recovery, etc.
GENERAL features:
Ø Personally-oriented education, training and development
Sport presents great opportunities not only for physical and sports improvement, but also for moral, aesthetic, intellectual and labor education.
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