Ice safety for children. Class hour on the topic: "Insidious ice or Rules of conduct on ice" Class hour on the topic Rules of conduct on the first ice

Every year, thin ice causes deaths, most often among the dead are children who walk near frozen water bodies without parental supervision, and fishermen who go out at their own risk on fragile and treacherous ice. Many amateur fishermen, having fallen through the ice once, go again and again, hoping for a chance ... and another luck, however, such self-confidence only leads to an irreparable tragedy.

Accidents can be avoided if you follow the rules and personal safety measures. One of the most common causes of tragedies on reservoirs is the irresponsible behavior of people in a state of intoxication. People become helpless, their sense of self-preservation is blunted, reactions slow down, and they cannot adequately respond to an emergency.

To avoid trouble on thin ice, you need to know:

The main condition for the safe stay of a person on the ice is the compliance of the ice thickness with the applied load:

Safe ice thickness for one person is at least 7 cm;

Safe ice thickness for the construction of a skating rink is 12 cm or more;

Safe ice thickness for crossing on foot is 15 cm or more;

The safe ice thickness for the passage of vehicles is at least 30 cm.

The safe time for a person to stay in the water:

At a water temperature of +24°C, the safe stay time is 7-9 hours,

At a water temperature of +5 - +15°С - from 3.5 hours to 4.5 hours;

Water temperature +2 - +3°C is fatal for humans after 10-15 minutes;

At a water temperature of -2 ° C - death can occur in 5-8 minutes.

Ice Criteria:

lasting:

Transparent ice with a greenish or bluish tint;

Ice is always thicker in open snowless space.

thin:

The color of the ice is milky cloudy, gray ice, usually spongy and porous, such ice collapses without a warning crackle;

Ice covered with snow (snow falling on newly formed ice, in addition to masking polynyas, slows down the growth of ice cover);

The ice is thinner in currents, especially in fast ones, in places that are deep and open to the wind; over a shady and peaty bottom; on marshy shores; at the exit points of underwater keys; under bridges; in narrow channels; near places of discharge of warm and hot waters of industrial and municipal enterprises into reservoirs;

In places where reeds, reeds and other aquatic plants grow.

Rules of conduct on ice:

* Do not go on the ice at night and in poor visibility (fog, snowfall, rain).

* When crossing the river, you should use equipped ice crossings.

* In the event of a forced crossing of a body of water, it is safest to stick to beaten paths or walk along an already laid track. But if they are not there, before going down to the ice, it is necessary to look around very carefully and outline the upcoming route.

* You can not test the strength of the ice with a kick. If, after the first strong blow with a ski pole, even a little water appears, this means that the ice is thin, you can’t walk on it. In this case, you should immediately retreat along your own trail to the shore, with gliding steps, without taking your feet off the ice and spreading them shoulder-width apart so that the load is distributed over a large area. The same is done with the warning crackling of ice and the formation of cracks in it.

* Once on thin, crackling ice, you should carefully turn back and with sliding steps return along the path to the shore.

* On a frozen pond, you must take with you a strong cord 20 - 25 meters long with a large blind loop at the end and a load. The load will help to throw the cord to a comrade who has fallen into the water, the loop is needed so that the victim can hold on more securely by passing it under the armpits.

* When crossing a reservoir in a group, it is necessary to keep a distance from each other (5–6 m).

* It is better to cross a frozen river (lake) on skis, while the ski bindings must be unfastened in order to quickly reset them if necessary; keep ski poles in your hands, without throwing loops on your hands, so that in case of danger you can immediately discard them.

* You need to be especially careful in places covered with a thick layer of snow, in places of rapid flow and spring outlets, near bushes, sedges, grass protruding above the surface, in places where streams flow into water bodies, and industrial enterprises discharge water.

* If you have a backpack, hang it over one shoulder, which will allow you to easily get rid of the load in case the ice falls through.

* When fishing on ice, it is not recommended to make holes at a distance of 5-6 meters from one another. To avoid trouble, the fisherman must have a life jacket or bib, as well as a rope - 15-20 m long with a loop at one end and a load of 400-500 g at the other.

* You need to know that a person who has fallen into ice water can become stiff in 10-15 minutes, and after 20 minutes lose consciousness. Therefore, the life of the victim depends on the intelligence and speed of the rescuers.

* IT IS FORBIDDEN: to go on the ice while intoxicated, to jump and run on the ice, to gather a large number of people at one point, to go out on thin ice that has formed on fast-flowing rivers.

What to do if you fall through the ice?

Do not panic, do not make sudden movements, stabilize breathing;

Spread your arms wide to the sides and try to cling to the edge of the ice so as not to sink headlong;

If possible, move to that edge of the polynya, where the current will not carry you under the ice;

Try to carefully, without breaking off the edge, without sudden movements, crawling with your chest, lie down on the edge of the ice, throw one and then the other leg on it. If the ice has held, slowly roll away from the edge and crawl towards the shore;

You need to move in the direction from which you came, because there the ice has already been tested for strength.

Departure to the ice crossing

To avoid accidents when driving through ice crossings, strictly follow the requirements of all information signs installed in front of ice crossings.

Drive onto the ice slowly, without pushing or braking. Unfasten your seat belts.

On the ice crossing it is forbidden to stop, move jerkily, turn around, overtake cars and refuel them.

Do not allow loads that exceed the ice's carrying capacity.

Moving vehicles in poor visibility (fog or blizzard) is not recommended.

If, however, your car was in the water, then you must:

Leave the car immediately, while it is afloat, through the side windows; it is advisable not to open the doors, as the car will sink faster;

If the car goes under water, before leaving the car, take a few deep breaths and get out of the car; if possible, get rid of “heavy” clothes (shoes, coats, jackets);

First of all, you need to save children, in this case, press the child with his back to you, close his nose and mouth with your fingers, and float up.

Gribanova Natalia
Rules for safe behavior on the ice

To avoid a tragedy, it is very important to accustom yourself not to relax on ice, always remember that you are not on solid ground, and that ice can let you down at the most unexpected moment, especially at the beginning and end of the winter season, because the most dangerous ice is in autumn and spring. Autumn ice during the freezing period from November to December, that is, before the onset of stable frosts, is fragile. Bonded by the evening and night cold, it is still able to withstand a small load, but during the day it quickly heats up from the melt water seeping through it, it becomes porous and very weak. In order for the ice to become strong, frosts must last continuously for more than two weeks. Relatively safe The thickness of the ice is 10 - 15 centimeters.

The first ice is very dangerous. It is not surprising to be in the water, so you have to wait until it acquires the necessary strength. Thin ice crunches underfoot. If surface ice is not covered with snow, one can observe how radial cracks are formed underfoot, diverging in all directions. If on ice ring cracks are also visible, which means its strength is at the limit, and it can break through at any moment. In case of manifestation of typical signs of fragility ice: crack, deflection, water on ice surface, - in any case, do not stop! - immediately return to the shore with the old, proven through: walk with your legs wide apart, without taking them off ice surface, as a last resort - crawl.

Milky white ice is twice as weak as transparent. It is formed during frosty weather with snowfalls and is frozen snowflakes, such ice breaks without a warning crackle. areas of such ice must be bypassed.

How to navigate ice

1. In no case should you go out on the ice at night and in poor visibility (fog, snowfall, rain).

2. When crossing the river, use ice crossings.

3. Before stepping on the ice, take another look at terrain: if there is already a trail or ski track nearby. If they are not, then estimate your approximate route:

Be especially careful when descending from the shore, where the ice may not be firmly connected to the land, check in advance if there are any suspicious places: gullies, loose holes or cracks on ice bushes frozen into ice;

Ice may be fragile near water runoff (e.g. from a farm or factory);

Thin and loose ice occurs near reed bushes, under snowdrifts, in places where algae have frozen into the ice;

It is necessary to bypass the areas covered with a thick layer of snow, under the snow the ice is always thinner;

Thin ice and where there is a spring or springs, where a fast current or a stream flows into the river.

4. You can not test the strength of the ice with a kick. If, after the first strong blow with a log or a ski pole, even a little water appears, this means that the ice is thin, you can’t walk on it. In this case, you should immediately retreat along your own trail to the shore, with gliding steps, without taking your feet off the ice and spreading them shoulder-width apart so that the load is distributed over a large area. The same is done with the warning crackling of ice and the formation of cracks in it.

5. When forced to cross a reservoir safer just follow the beaten paths or go along the already paved ski track. But if they are not there, before going down to the ice, it is necessary to look around very carefully and outline the upcoming route.

6. When crossing a reservoir in a group, it is necessary to keep a distance from each other (5-6 m).

7. Frozen river (lake) Better go skiing this

8. If there is a backpack, hang it on one shoulder, this will allow you to easily get rid of the load in case the ice falls under you.

9. On a frozen pond, you must take with you a strong cord 20 - 25 meters long with a large blind loop at the end and a load. The load will help to throw the cord to a comrade who has fallen into the water, the loop is needed so that the victim can hold on more securely by threading her armpits.

10. If the ice began to crack, immediately return to the place from which you came. do not run, but come out slowly, keeping your soles on the ice. In no case do not test the strength of the ice with a kick!

11. A frozen river (lake) Better go skiing this: unfasten the bindings of the skis in order to quickly reset them if necessary; hold ski poles in your hands, without throwing loops on your hands, in order to immediately discard them in case of danger.

12. Kind request parents: don't let the kids on the ice (fishing, skiing and skating) unattended.

Rules of conduct on ice!

Basic condition safe stay of children ice is the correspondence of its thickness to the applied load. For one person safe ice thickness is considered to be at least 7 centimeters. An ice rink can be built with an ice thickness of 12 centimeters or more, on foot crossings are considered safe when the ice thickness is 15 centimeters or more, cars can drive onto ice at least 30 centimeters thick. To determine the thickness of the ice, it is necessary to cut through it, cut a piece and measure the thickness of the ice.

The thickness of the ice on the reservoir is not the same everywhere. Thin ice located: off the coast, in the area of ​​rifts and rapids, at the confluence of rivers or their confluence with the sea (lake, on bends, meanders, near frozen objects, underground sources, in places where warm water and sewage drain into reservoirs. It is extremely dangerous and unreliable ice under snow and snowdrifts. The danger is polynyas, holes, cracks, holes, which are covered with a thin layer of ice. This ice breaks when stepping on it, and a person can suddenly find himself in cold water. During the spring thaw, the ice becomes porous and weak, becomes covered with melt water, softens, acquires a whitish color.It is extremely dangerous to go out on such ice.

Especially dangerous is ice covered with a thick layer of snow, as the water under it freezes slowly and unevenly. It is necessary to go out to a frozen swamp in case of emergency, observing the measures security: insurance, the presence of a pole, sticks, ropes. You can't go on the ice alone without insurance.

Before entering the ice, it is necessary to determine its strength by external signs. Strong ice has an even, smooth surface, no cracks, bluish tint. If the ice cracks and bends under the weight of a person, then it is not strong. Ice strength reconnaissance should be carried out subject to safety rules.

For the first exit on the ice, you need to choose safe and a convenient place to descend from the shore. Try not to fall on the steep and slippery shore, so as not to slide onto the ice, which may not be strong and break through. After entering the ice, it should be tapped with a stick; if on water will appear on the surface, a characteristic sound will be heard - “crack” or the ice will begin to bend, play underfoot - then you must immediately return to the shore.

Ice breakage can be prevented by: way: lie down on the ice, spread your legs wide, lean on a stick, pole, skis and crawl to the shore. Remember that if the water level drops in a frozen reservoir, fragile air “pockets” form near the coast, it is impossible to step on the ice in these places due to the possible breaking of the ice and getting a person into the water.

To enter the ice in these and other places, you need to use special flooring. It is very dangerous to go out on the ice during a long thaw and in spring.

To reduce the chance of ice breaking and getting into cold water, you need to know and do the following: rules: before you leave the ice, make sure it is strong; remember that a person can die in water as a result of drowning, cold shock, and also from hypothermia 15-20 minutes after falling into ice water.

CHILD ON ICE ICE

In the spring, during the ice drift, a large number of ice floes appear on rivers and reservoirs, which attract children. Many consider skating and other activities on the ice floes to be “heroic deeds”. These funs often end with swimming in icy water, as the ice floes often turn over, break, collide with each other, hit objects in the water, and fall into whirlpools. After falling into the water, you need to get ashore as quickly as possible, holding on to the ice floe, swim, lean your hands on the ice floe, lie on it with your chest, stay on the water and call for help. Assistance to the fallen can be provided using watercraft, ropes, poles.

Let us recall once again the main behavior rules if ice broke through:

1. Do not panic, drop heavy things, stay afloat, call for help;

2. Lean on the edge of the ice floe wide arms outstretched, in the presence of a strong current, bend your legs, remove shoes into which water has accumulated;

3. Try not to break the edge of the ice, lean on it with your chest, alternately lift and pull your legs onto the ice floe;

4. Keep your head up high water surface constantly call for help.

We kindly request parents: do not let children on the ice without supervision, EXPLAIN THAT IT IS DANGEROUS.

Good day, dear readers!

The end of November and the beginning of December - this period of the year is marked by the appearance of a stable few degrees of frost, the first ice, the first fishermen, and, unfortunately, the first casualties among careless people.

This article, "", as well as those given in it ice safety measures, are aimed at familiarizing, and further, at preserving a life that is valuable enough to be taken seriously. And therefore, dear readers, try the information provided here to lovers of fishing on the first people, kids, as well as those who like to argue for “weak”.

So, to begin with, let's collect some general information about ice.

What is ice?

Ice- this is water in a solid state, or literally - frozen water. Of course, there are other types of ice, for example, dry ice, but this is already from another opera.

At a temperature of +4°C (+3.98°C) to 0°C, water begins to shrink, respectively, its density increases, thereby pushing colder water out of its thickness, which actually forms a layer of ice on its surface. The freezing point of water under normal conditions is 0°C and below. Of course, there are various conditions under which water will not freeze even at -20°C, but these are already experimental conditions, which are not discussed today.

At temperatures of 0°C and above, ice begins to turn back into the liquid state of water.

Ice thickness and strength

The thickness of the ice, for a safe stay on it, is at least 10 cm (on fresh water bodies), 15 cm (on salt water bodies), but on condition that the air temperature in the last 3 days has not risen to 0 ° C and above.

The minimum thickness for crossing the ice in a passenger car is 30 cm, and in an off-road vehicle it is 35 cm.

Remember, even if the ice layer has a good layer, at a temperature of 0°C for 3 or more days, its strength is reduced by 25%.

Ice durability has also been reduced in the following areas:

• in reservoirs with a fast flow of water;
• in places of underwater springs or runoff waters;
• near vegetation - near reeds, bushes, trees;
• in places with frozen snags, car tires, sticks, etc.;
• in places with large frozen blisters;
• in places with an abundance of cracks, especially places that are delineated by a crack from the bulk of the ice of a frozen reservoir.
• remember, dark ice attracts the sun's rays, so in these places it is more likely to melt.

Ice color

Blue ice is the most reliable ice.

White ice - strength is reduced by 2 times compared to blue.

Matte white ice, or white with a yellowish tint, is unreliable ice that falls through without first cracking.

Rules for safe behavior on ice include the following recommendations:

- When on ice, avoid places with a dull white thickness, try to move only on blue transparent ice, with a thickness of at least 10 cm.

- Do not move on the ice at night, or in case of poor visibility - in heavy rain, snowfall.

- Do not gather at one point too close to each other, especially for fishermen.

- The minimum stay close to each other is 5-6 meters.

— When crossing a frozen body of water, try to use ice crossings.

- Before going out on the ice, be sure to inspect its edge for reliability, and also visually choose a route for yourself along which you are going to move.

- When crossing a frozen reservoir, it is best to use skis, as they distribute the load very well over a large area of ​​ice, however, when using skis, do not fully fasten the mount so that in case of failure, the skis can be safely thrown off their feet, ski poles also do not fasten them to the arm with loops.

- The distance between people who are crossing a frozen body of water in a group should be from 5-6 meters.

- When crossing a frozen body of water, try to use proven paths, and also cross in places where the depth of the body of water does not exceed the level of your neck.

- When on the ice, do not test its reliability with kicks, if you, for example, are a fisherman, it is better to use a pick for this.

- If, when you hit your foot or just when walking, a crack went under you, or water came out from under the ice layer - leave that place. To do this, it is better to use the path along which you have reached the fragile thickness of the ice.

- You need to leave the place of cracked ice with sliding steps, while keeping your legs off the ice, but spread them to move shoulder-width apart in order to distribute the load over a large area.

- If a person takes some kind of burden with him to a frozen river, then it is better to carry it on one shoulder, so that in an emergency, you can freely get rid of it.

- If you are going on the ice with a group of people, take a strong rope with you, about 20-25 meters long and a large loop with a load on one of the ends. This will help to throw it from a safe distance to a failed comrade, and pull him out of the cold water.

- Do not let children on the ice without supervision.

- It is forbidden to jump on the ice.

- If you are a fisherman, do not beat a lot of holes near you, and if water comes out of a punched hole in a fountain, leave this place.

- In no case do not go out on the ice while intoxicated, because. a person in such a state is not able to adequately respond to an extreme situation and help himself when falling into a frozen reservoir.

- Take a fully charged mobile phone with you on the ice in order to call rescuers in an emergency.

Emergency number

Russia, Ukraine, and most other countries - 112.
USA and Canada - 911.

BEWARE, ICE!

Dear Athletes and Parents!

With the advent of winter and the onset of cold weather, the formation of ice cover is observed on water bodies. At this time, it is extremely dangerous to go to its surface. However, every year many people neglect safety precautions and go out on thin ice, thereby putting their lives in mortal danger.

The UKP GOiChS recalls that ice at least 7 cm thick is considered safe for one person, and pedestrian crossings are considered safe with ice thickness of 15 cm or more. The thickness of the ice on the reservoir is not the same everywhere; in the mouths of the rivers and tributaries, the strength of the ice is weakened. The ice is unstable in places of rapid flow, gushing springs, near the growth of aquatic vegetation. Extremely unreliable ice under snow and snowdrifts. Ice strength can be determined visually: blue ice is strong; white - its strength is 2 times less; gray, dull white or with a yellowish tint - the ice is unreliable.

In order to avoid tragic cases, we warn:

1. Follow the basic safety rules on ice, remember that ice is considered safe if it is at least 15 cm thick.
2. It is forbidden to walk on ice under bridges, near any water structures, in places where streams and rivers flow into a reservoir.
3. Under no circumstances should children be allowed on the ice.

If you witness an accident, report it immediately by calling the rescue service 112 (toll-free) or 01.

Briefing on ensuring the safety of children in the autumn-winter period

1. Do not walk on the ice of reservoirs and rivers.
2. Cross water bodies only through equipped places and swimming pools accompanied by adults.
3. Do not play on the ice of rivers, lakes, ponds, do not test the strength of the ice with sticks, stones, jumps and kicks.
4. In order to avoid landslides and dumps, it is forbidden to come close to the steep banks of reservoirs and rivers.

What to do if the ice breaks under your feet?
1. Spread your arms wide, keeping them on the surface of the ice.
2. Try to get to the surface.
3. Call for help.
Helping someone who has fallen on the ice.
1. Approach the failed person only while lying down.
2. When crossing the ice, take a ladder, a board or a long pole with you.
3. Attach insurance or tie a rope around the person who went to the victim.

Memo for athletes and their parents on helping victims who fell through the ice

"Helpful Tips"

Never step on ice unless you are convinced that it is strong enough.

• Remember that the ice is stronger near the shore; its thickness decreases at great depths with distance from the coast, as well as in those places where there is vegetation or a fast current
• The strength of the ice also depends on the air temperature. During the day it is not as strong as in the morning and evening
• When moving on the ice, avoid dark spots: here the ice is very fragile.
• When driving on ice, one should bypass areas covered with a thick layer of snow, places where there is a fast current, springs, bushes, grass come to the surface, streams flow into the reservoir and warm wastewater from industrial enterprises flows in, cald is harvested, etc.

"Falling into the hole"

• It may happen that at this moment there will be no one nearby and you will have to get out on your own. Your actions:
• Do not panic. Breathe as deeply and slowly as possible
• Make continuous movements with your legs as if you were pedaling a bicycle.
• Don't try to get out on the ice right away. Around the polynya, the ice is very fragile and will not support the weight of your body.
• Move in the direction from where you came or to the nearest shore, crushing the ice edge on your way with your hands.
• Once the ice stops breaking under your punches, place your hands on the ice, reaching as far as you can, and push as hard as you can with your legs, trying to keep your torso horizontal.
• Do not lean on the ice with the whole weight of your body: it may fall again, and you will plunge headlong into the water.
• Try to keep your body level with the ice. After that, crawl onto the ice, continuing to push off with your legs and helping yourself with your hands.
• Once on the ice, flatten out on it and crawl forward without trying to get to your feet.
• Closer to the shore, where the ice is stronger, turn on your side and roll towards the shore.
• Having got out on the shore, do not stop, so as not to freeze completely. Run to the nearest warm room.

REMEMBER! TO AVOID ACCIDENTS, DO NOT CLOSE TO WATER BODIES UNNECESSARY!

In order to prevent accidents, death of children and prevent emergencies on water bodies in the autumn-winter period, we recommend that you familiarize yourself with the material “ BASICS OF SAFE BEHAVIOR ON WATER IN THE AUTUMN-WINTER PERIOD» and talk to the kids.

BASICS OF SAFE BEHAVIOR

ON WATER IN THE AUTUMN-WINTER PERIOD

Due to the special weather conditions in winter, the risk of being on ice-covered waters is increased. End of autumn - beginning of winter. The first unstable frost. He barely bound rivers, lakes, reservoirs with brittle ice, and fishermen and children, forgetting about security measures, begin to hastily master the thin, unsteady surface. As a result of the neglect of ice, many become its victims.

The safety of movement on ice depends on a whole range of factors and they are related to the nature of the evolution of the ice cover, the type of reservoir, and the climatic conditions prevailing in a given winter. Today we will talk about what are the global prerequisites for the formation of ice of one type or another, since it is they that determine the tactics of safe behavior on it.

First of all, the freeze-up period can be conditionally divided into three main stages: the first ice, mature ice and the last ice. It often happens that several short periods of formation of a temporary ice cover are observed, which, having not reached sufficient strength, are then washed away by rains, weakened by damp fogs and broken by the wind. At such moments, tragic events are most frequent. In such a situation, it is better not to rush and moderate the spiritual ardor.

FIRST ICE

This period can be very short (one or two frosty nights), and quite long and, as mentioned above, sometimes interrupted. First ice is also conditionally divided into phases: first ice (thin, but no longer collapsing ice), strong ice at least in some places and reliable ice (which completely covered some water bodies and is suitable for a fisherman everywhere). It is clear that not only in different water bodies, but even in the same one, these phases differ in time and water area, and sometimes significantly, therefore, when planning the first ice trips, you should have a good idea of ​​what is happening in a particular water body. A good knowledge of the reservoir is necessary at least in order to remember where the depth on it is not higher than a person’s height or where from a deep place the applicant for the title of “walrus” can quickly go to the shallows going to the shore ...

How does such a phenomenon of nature arise - the formation of ice on the surface of water? In short, due to the convective heat exchange between the two media, water and air, occurring at the interface. If freeze-up occurs in calm frosty weather, then ice almost evenly covers the entire reservoir, growing from the coast, and especially in places of shallow water. When the process of ice formation is accompanied by a strong wind, the formation of an ice cover in the open spaces of large reservoirs is delayed for a long time - steep waves break and carry away a fragile, thin first ice and knock it down to the lee shore, where, with a sufficiently strong frost that quickly seizes this fragile building material, it can to form a very thick, but less durable than solid ice, wide rim. Another edge of monolithic ice will grow from the windward shore, and the steeper, higher this shore, the wider the transparent blind area will lie on the water. When the wind subsides, if there is no sudden thaw, these two rims will quickly unite, as the well-mixed and cooled water will be ready to freeze. It is understood that over great depths, where the mass of water is large, it will take longer to cool, and the formation of ice will come later than in shallow places. The same pattern exists during freeze-up on large or small water bodies.

The rivers have their own characteristics of ice formation: due to the current, the water is constantly mixed throughout the volume and hypothermia occurs for the entire moving mass, which takes additional time, so the ice on the river rises a little later than on reservoirs with stagnant water. However, water in rivers under ice is generally colder than in lakes and reservoirs, and paradoxically, the further growth of ice on the river is faster.

Of course, in a strong current, the ice rises later than in a weak one. In addition, at the beginning of winter, there are tangible and rather sharp fluctuations in the water level on the rivers. Usually, its fall is observed, associated with a decrease in the flow of tributaries due to the freezing of surface groundwater.

The most important characteristic of ice is its strength, which in real conditions cannot be considered constant, since this indicator strongly depends on the type and structure of ice, its temperature and thickness. It happens that the beginning of winter is accompanied by frequent passage of cyclones, precipitation falls in the form of rain or sleet, and ice freezes in several stages into short frosty gaps between weather fronts. At the same time, its thickness increases both from below and from above due to freezing of fallen snow or water located on its surface. Such ice turns out to be cloudy, multi-layered, and it should be borne in mind that it is about two times weaker than transparent ice, therefore it is necessary to go out on it when it reaches a thickness of 10-15 cm. As already noted, pure transparent ice is the most durable, it will be safe upon reaching a thickness of at least 10 cm.

It is important to learn to understand by the appearance of the first, not yet strong ice, how it reacts to the load. Knowledgeable anglers say that the first ice will not deceive, will not betray, but will tell you about the danger in time with the sound and pattern of cracks, you just need to be able to see and hear. A point load applied to thin ice causes its deformation in the shape of a bowl, the volume of which hypothetically corresponds to the volume of water, which is equal in weight to the mass that caused the deflection of the load. With a small load, elastic deformation of the ice occurs and the deflection bowl expands along the perimeter. If the load is higher than the elastic limit, then plastic deformation of the ice will begin and the bowl will increase faster in depth than in width - this is the beginning of ice destruction.

The following quantitative data speak of the elastic properties of ice. If we consider transparent, most durable ice, then with a central deflection of 5 centimeters, no cracks form on it, a deflection of 9 centimeters leads to increased formation of cracks, a deflection of 12 centimeters causes through cracking, and at 15 centimeters - the ice falls through.

There are two types of cracks under load: radial and concentric. When moving on unstable ice, it is necessary to pay attention to the following: if concentric cracks appear, accompanied by a characteristic creaking sound, you must immediately leave the dangerous area with a sliding step, in a particularly critical situation, it is better to lie down on the ice and crawl in the opposite direction.

It is also useful to recall other rules of behavior on thin ice:

- in no case should you walk on it in single file, otherwise the radial cracks will quickly develop into concentric ones;

- do not go out on the ice alone;

- check each step on the ice with a pointed pick, but do not hit the ice in front of you with it - it is better from the side;

- do not approach other anglers closer than 3 meters;

- do not approach those places where there are frozen snags, algae, air bubbles in the ice;

- you should not walk near a crack or on an area of ​​ice separated from the main mass by several cracks;

- it is necessary to quickly leave a dangerous place if water begins to spurt from a punched hole;

- do not skate on thin ice;

- be sure to have rescue equipment with you: a cord with a load at the end, a long pole, a wide board;

- in no case do not combine fishing on the first ice with libations.

MOTHER ICE

Winter takes its toll and, despite the weather changes, soon all water bodies will be covered with ice, the thickness of which in winters with little snow and frost in central Russia reaches 1 meter or more. This is the calmest period of winter fishing, although even here the angler can be in for very unpleasant surprises.

First of all, you need to keep your eyes open on the rivers when the ice is covered with a thick layer of snow, blocking the access of cold to the ice, and the flowing water will slowly but surely wear it out from below. Gulleys form most quickly where the jets, swirling over obstacles, hit upwards, above the outlet of spring waters or at the confluence of warm domestic sewage.

Usually the location of such sites is the same every year, they just need to be well remembered. On an unfamiliar river, it is better to walk along thorny paths, and check untrodden areas by frequent drilling of test holes.

When fishing on stagnant water bodies, especially on reservoirs where there is a constant discharge of water, it should be remembered that the ice here breaks off near the coast from time to time. If in shallow water it lies on the ground, then near the steep banks there may be areas of unfrozen water, only covered with swept snow, where you can quite unexpectedly get into.

The situation is also unpleasant when you find yourself in the open spaces of a large body of water in an area with a water bath hidden by a thick layer of wet snow. Such baths are formed just in those places where the ice is thin: after prolonged snowfalls, it cannot withstand the mass of snow, bursts with the formation of through cracks, into which water enters in an amount equal to the weight of the load. The ice, already thin and soaked with water, stops freezing and becomes very dangerous, especially closer to spring.

LAST ICE

This period in the evolution of ice begins when in spring the average daily air temperature becomes close to zero, that is, snow begins to melt and melt water appears. At first, the ice becomes dangerous near the coast, where the snow melts faster than on ice. Streams of melt water flow into the reservoir, wash away the edge of the ice, and the heat emanating from the heated earth further contributes to the process of destruction of the ice edge.

The apparent strength of coastal ice after a morning frost is deceptive. With solar heating, it may not let the fishermen go back, so you need to prepare the exit to the shore in advance, taking long poles or boards onto the ice. It is desirable that the exit was in shallow water and it is better on the side where the ice will be in the shade in the afternoon. Some more time will pass, and wide waters will form near the shore, the cause of which will be the destruction of fast ice and the increase in water in the reservoir. Although the main ice will still be quite reliable, it is unwise to get onto it without a boat.

The main mass of ice is destroyed in stages: when the average daily air temperature exceeds the plus mark, snow will begin to melt intensively on the surface of the ice cover and this process will be accelerated by winds, damp fogs and rains. Surface water soaks into the ice, breaking its monolithic structure, causing the ice to disintegrate into separate, vertically standing crystals, and the connection between these elements gradually weakens. At the same time, the ice melts from below. For these reasons, spring ice is insidious: having lost the elastic properties of a monolith, it will not crackle warningly, as in first ice, but with a treacherous hissing sound it will suddenly suddenly disintegrate underfoot.

Ice is especially dangerous where water has been under the snow all winter, these puddles are also visible on the last snowless ice, such places should be avoided. It is better to move along the last ice along the old winter trails and fish in familiar places, here the ice is thicker and better frozen over the winter.

In no case should you gather in large groups, collective fonts, as a rule, end tragically.

It is necessary to save someone who has fallen on the spring ice meaningfully, in no case coming close to the formed lane: you should crawl to him, pushing a long pole or board in front of you, or throw the end of a thick rope with a wide loop to the drowning man from a safe distance, which he will throw over myself.

A physically strong person who finds himself in an unpleasant situation is helped by special "rescuers" - devices that look like a thick awl and hang on cords on fishing clothes. By sticking them into the edge of the ice, you can pull yourself up and get out of the water. However, these good means of rescue are of little use on too loose spring and on young thin ice.

To prevent trouble, you must always soberly evaluate when it is better to leave ice fishing until the next season. On rivers that are still bound by an ice shell, one should not go out onto the ice when a noticeable increase in water has become apparent.

Anyone can get into an ice-related emergency: while fishing, hunting, hiking, walking, crossing a pond, etc. In winter, nature is not merciful to people. She will severely punish for frivolity, ignorance and inability, lack of will. Death and injury in the "ice zone" are most likely from drowning under ice, general hypothermia, colds, and injuries.

Factors of self-rescue "in ice conditions": constant readiness for action in extreme situations, the will to live, knowledge of the rules of self-rescue, practice of actual survival skills, proper organization of self- and mutual rescue.

Thus, when entering the ice, a number of rules must be observed.

Avoiding their detailed description, below is only a list of the most necessary safety measures, the observance of which will protect a person who has set foot on the ice from major troubles even in dangerous situations.

1. It is impossible to go out on thin, fragile ice. Accidentally falling on thin ice, move back with sliding cautious steps, keeping your feet on the ice.
2. Strong, safe ice is transparent ice, at least 10 centimeters thick. Milky, white ice is twice as weak as transparent. The most dangerous is porous ice formed from frozen snow.
3. The ice is always weaker near driftwood, piles, reeds, and along the current.
4. During the thaw, after the first frosts, the ice becomes thin. Especially dangerous is thin ice powdered with snow.
5. Over greater depths, ice forms later and therefore it is less durable, and therefore dangerous, while around at medium depths it is quite reliable.
6. In lakes, spring springs are sometimes found on large
   depths, the ice above them is dangerous.
7. At the mouths of rivers and streams, the ice is often unreliable throughout the winter.
8. Under bridges, in narrow channels between wide reaches and between islands, ice is often dangerous even in the middle of winter. In the spring, you can’t walk on the ice in these places.
9. If the strength of the ice is questionable, you should walk on it carefully, with a sliding step, gently placing your foot on the entire foot, and be ready for an instant reaction to a change in the situation. In places of increased danger when skiing, it is necessary to unfasten the bindings so that you can quickly get rid of the skis. Skis should not be completely removed, as they significantly reduce a person's pressure on ice and snow. You should also free yourself from one strap of the backpack and pull both hands out of the lanyards of the ski poles. A group of people should walk in a chain with an interval of 5 - 6 meters. The more prepared, experienced member of the group should go first. He must be insured with a long rope or a pole, a life jacket. When walking slowly, the ice rarely breaks instantly. Breaking ice is preceded by cracking, subsidence, a change in its appearance, and the appearance of water. With these alarming signs, it is better to immediately go back and, moreover, only in your own footsteps, sliding on the ice.
10. If, nevertheless, trouble happened, and you ended up in the water, try to hold on to any floating objects. Try to keep your head and neck above water to reduce body heat loss. If several people have fallen into the water and it is far from the shore, try to get together. Paradox: in the water it is necessary to maintain possible immobility, since during physical activity, heat release increases and accelerated hypothermia of the whole organism occurs. Remember: severe chills, a feeling of pain in the limbs and their numbness are local in nature and do not threaten a person's life. General hypothermia leads to death. Being immobile in water increases the survivability. Active movement in cold water - only to help comrades and achieve strong ice, shore. If necessary, you need to swim calmly, with short strokes under water, without sharp swings of arms and legs, body movements. Don't be afraid of seizures. They are very painful, but not fatal. To avoid them, you need to vigorously massage a tired, supercooled muscle, move your fingers and toes, and change your posture. With a cramp, you need to pinch or prick the affected muscle several times. Try to straighten the reduced leg with your hands. In any case, do not panic: a person, even without a life jacket, can stay on the water with the help of active arms and legs.
11. When helping a comrade who has fallen through the ice, do not approach the place of the break on the ice while standing, but approach crawling on your stomach with your arms and legs outstretched to the side, it is better to rely on skis and a board. Approaching the victim at a sufficient distance, throw him one end of the rope, rope, belt, scarf, jacket. Wooden objects: pole, board, skis to push on the ice to the point of failure. As soon as the victim grabbed the object, it should be pulled without sudden movements by crawling. In a group of people, assistance to a drowning person is provided by only one, in extreme cases, two people. The accumulation of people in one place on the edge of the ice is dangerous. In the absence of means of rescue, several people can lie down on the ice in a chain, holding each other by the legs, crawling towards the hole, and help the victim.
12. After a blizzard, beware of unfrozen holes under the snow.
13. Do not come close to the holes in which fishing nets are placed. They are always covered with thin ice or snow. You can notice them on the hillocks of the nearby crushed ice.
14. Watch out for ice gaps over fast currents.

Do not stand on the ice floes that have broken away from the ice field: they
may suddenly roll over underfoot.

Remember that spring ice after a night frost seems to
strong and reliable, and during the day, especially at the end of freezing, it crumbles and
fails.

Going down from the shore to the ice, which has settled during the recession of water, beware
deep cracks hidden under the snow. They can hurt your leg.

Being on the ice, keep in mind that it grows under the snow
slower than in the snowless space.

Without knowing the features of the reservoir or the conditions for the formation of ice, not
try to go out on the ice by car.

In addition to knowledge of the rules of behavior on the ice, composure, endurance, and most importantly, caution are also needed.

However, it is not only fragile ice that awaits the winter fisherman. Dangerous and strong, but very slippery ice. When falling on it, severe bruises occur on various parts of the body, articular sprain, and sometimes concussion. The consequence of a fall may be a bruise, i.e. damage to soft tissues without violating the integrity of the skin. The bruise is accompanied by pain and internal hemorrhage. With a slight bruise, a dark purple spot appears under the skin. With damage to deeper tissues and rupture of larger blood vessels, the outflowing blood accumulates and forms a blood tumor - a hematoma. During the first hours after the bruise, it is recommended to apply cold to the injury site - a towel soaked in cold water, pieces of snow or ice. Thermal baths can be taken only after 2-3 days.

Exactly the same first aid should be provided to the victim in case of sprain. It occurs when a sharp turn in the joint exceeds the normal range of motion, accompanied by stretching, pain and swelling in the joints. If the joint on the arm is damaged, it must be tied with a belt or suitable material. If the ligaments on the leg of the victim are sprained, they should be taken on a sled or drag to the nearest settlement and give him rest, laying his leg so that it is raised.

With a bruise of the head, sometimes there is a concussion, i.e. violation of the blood circulation of the cerebral vessels. In mild cases, it is accompanied by a short-term loss of consciousness, dizziness, tinnitus, flashing "flies" in the eyes. In severe cases, there is a prolonged loss of consciousness, the body becomes motionless, the muscles relax, the pulse slows down to 50-60 beats per minute, vomiting is possible. A person can be unconscious for several hours or even days. As a first aid, it is recommended to put the victim to bed and apply cold to the head. Even mild forms of concussion require bed rest for 15-20 days.

It poses a danger to the fisherman and low temperature. The most sensitive to its effects are the nose, ears, hands and feet, especially the fingers, which are less protected from the cold by clothing and are in the most unfavorable conditions of blood circulation.

Frostbite may occur as a result of prolonged exposure to low temperatures. Medicine distinguishes four degrees of frostbite.

First. When the contraction of blood vessels is accompanied by blanching of the skin and loss of sensation in the area of ​​frostbite.

Second. On a pale area after warming, blisters appear with cloudy bloody contents, and the skin becomes blue-purple.

Third. In the first days, blue coloration of the skin, blisters; in the following days - areas of necrosis of the skin.

Fourth. Dead skin and deeper tissues.

In the first degree of frostbite, the assistance to the victim is as follows. The pale area of ​​the body should be wiped with alcohol or vodka, and then slowly and gently rub with your fingers until the skin turns red. The frostbitten area can also be warmed in water, the temperature of which should be slowly raised from 18 to 37 degrees for 20-30 minutes and at the same time light rubbing should be done. After the restoration of blood circulation, the frostbitten part of the body should be wrapped warmly, and the victim should be given hot tea or coffee to drink. In the future, ointment bandages are applied to the frostbite.

Assistance to victims of frostbite of the second, third and fourth degree is provided in a medical institution.

Happen on ice and more severe consequences of prolonged exposure to low temperatures - freezing. Predispose to freezing: alcohol intoxication, overwork from walking for a long time or lying on snow or ice for a long time. Signs of freezing: chills, lethargy, feeling tired, craving for sleep. A person falls asleep, during sleep his breathing and cardiac activity gradually weaken, limbs stiffen and death may occur.

First aid for a freezing person is as follows. The victim must be brought into a cool room and gently rub his whole body with cleanly washed hands. If after that he does not show signs of life, give him artificial respiration. You should also seek medical attention as soon as possible. When the victim regains consciousness, he should be wrapped warmly, warmed and given a hot drink.

Always remember: ice is like a minefield. Both thin and well-frozen, because even on thick ice there are holes that are invisible to the eye and covered with snow, potholes, warm pits.

Dangerous situations on ice arise not only in spring during a thaw, but even in winter. Prolonged frosts are not a guarantee of complete safety. Many are misled by the proximity of the coast, but even there sometimes the ice does not adjoin it closely, there are cracks, air cavities, which makes walking unsafe.

Children need to be instilled with simple but effective rules that will help in a critical situation.

• The very first thing is to try to stay away from open water, even if it seems that the ice is reliable.
• Remember and follow the elementary requirements for behavior on the ice, if you are already there.
• Know what to do if you fall into cold water, do not panic.

Precautionary measures

Adults should tell children that the young ice that forms during mild frosts is dangerous. The ice surface is considered solid if its thickness is not less than 7 cm. On the skating rink it should be 10-12 cm, with a large crowd of people - 25 cm. Even near the shore of an apparently harmless river, the depth can be several meters.

Matte ice of a yellowish, greenish hue, which was formed as a result of thawing and subsequent freezing, is the strongest. The most dangerous is white, formed by freezing snowflakes. If the ice crackles under your feet, it's best to leave this place..

memo

1. If children are on the ice, the distance between them must be at least 3 m.
2. You can’t walk on a frozen pond when it gets dark, a blizzard sweeps or it rains. Under such conditions, it will be very difficult for rescuers to help those in trouble.
3. Don't be alone on the ice. It is necessary that the child was constantly in someone's field of vision.
4. Children should be reminded that ice thickness is not tested by kicking or sticking.
5. If water appears on the frozen surface or cracks are visible, you must immediately return, preferably by the same way.
6. If you have a backpack with you, throw it over your shoulder, take your hands out of your pockets. Skis are not fixed, and the loops of ski poles are left hanging freely. All this in order to be able to quickly get rid of those things that will pull you to the bottom or make it difficult to move.
7. The farther from the coast, the thinner the ice, the stronger the current. A failed person is quickly drawn in, it will be more difficult to save him.
8. Areas where the surface is dark, sprinkled with snow, it is better to bypass, there are possible polynyas.
9. Do not play on ice near businesses, factories where sewage is discharged, or where a river flows into a lake or other river.
10. Places where there are frozen snags or boats, near pontoons, moorings are considered dangerous. High turbulence is observed up and down from the bridge supports, it is better to be 100 m away from them.
11. In spring, the river is dangerous during ice drift. You can not stand at the edge of a steep coast, ride on ice floes, be on bridges or dams.
12. Skating is allowed only in special places, checked and equipped.

Memo for parents and children

Tragic accidents can be avoided if the children are under the constant supervision of adults near the water. No need to shorten the path, using unauthorized crossings, skating and skiing in unverified places. Adults and children should not forget about caution, not to take risks. Before going for a winter walk, remember the rules of safe behavior with your child, do not give examples of indiscretion yourself.