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Ski sport project. Project on physical culture "ski training". Rules and Equipment

One of my favorite winter activities is skiing. But skiing is not only watched on TV, many people do it.

Skiing includes several disciplines:

Smooth skis.
Biathlon.
Skiing.
Ski jumping.
Ski biathlon.

All types are included in the Olympic program, in some countries they are a national sport.

Smooth skiing is movement on flat or slightly hilly terrain at speed. This sport is very popular in Norway and Finland. Movement technique - skating or classic move. Skating technique is faster than classical. Use sticks for repulsion. The skis are straight, with a cape bent up.

Biathlon is a combination of smooth skiing and shooting. After a certain section of the track, the athlete stops and must hit 5 targets. For a miss, either a penalty time or an extra lap is added to the main distance. Currently, biathletes move along the track only by skating. It is also called free style. Rifles are used for shooting.

Downhill skiing is downhill skiing. This discipline originated in the Alps. Alpine skiing is the national sport in Austria. This is one of the subjects in Austrian schools. Skiing is divided into several subspecies:

slalom (downhill, giant, mountain combination),
freestyle (mogul, acrobatics).

Alpine skiing is different from the usual classic. Wide front and back and narrow mids. This shape allows you to more smoothly go around obstacles and fit into turns at high speed. The sticks are bent.

In ski jumping, not only the athlete who flies farthest wins, but also the one who lands more evenly. The skis of the jumpers are wide, so that it is convenient to land. Sticks are not used.

Biathlon is a combination of jumps and smooth skis. First, the athletes jump from the springboard, then, based on the results of the jumps, the lag time on the track is determined. The winner is the one who manages to shorten the distance on the track and come first.

In many northern countries, skiing is not only entertainment, but a professional sport. There are both team and individual disciplines in skiing.

Option 2

Skiing is the most famous and popular sport in winter time. It can be done by people of all ages. It also does not require special physical training and at the same time it is useful for health and maintenance of tone.

History of skiing

It is worth mentioning that initially skiing was not a sport. They were invented by people to move through snowdrifts in winter, mainly during hunting. It is known that skiing existed already in the 6th century, but the history of skiing as a sport begins in the 18th century. The creators of skiing can be considered the Norwegians. In 1733, a decree was issued in Norway to prepare for skiing competitions. And already in 1767, championships were held in many types of skiing known even today - biathlon, racing, downhill and slalom.

The second after Norway was Finland, which also opened many sports clubs for skiers. After some time, European and Asian countries, as well as the United States, joined skiing. So skiing has spread almost all over the world. At first, only professionals were engaged in it, but soon this sport attracted all other people who realized the availability of skis for everyone.

In 1924 ski competitions were included in the Olympics. This happened thanks to the activities of the FIS - the international organization involved in the regulation of sports activities and the establishment of rules.

It is also important to mention that in Russia ski view sport appeared only at the end of the 19th century. On December 16, 1895, the first official ski club was opened in Moscow.

Types of skiing

Sprint is a classic skiing sport. Sprinting is ideal for improving endurance and strengthening the cardiovascular system.

Ski jumping - very exciting and no less extreme view sports. The main goal is to overcome a distance of more than one hundred meters in the air after a ski jump. The athlete needs to make a jump and land smoothly after it. Naturally, this requires no small preparation.

Alpine skiing is one of the most popular types winter sports. Like ski jumping, skiing is a very extreme activity that can charge anyone with adrenaline. Also this species sports contribute to the development of endurance and concentration. The minimum distance is 3 kilometers, while the minimum speed at the time of descent is 100 km/h. All this by itself implies that a person must undergo long training and have a well-developed technique.

Slalom is a more difficult type of downhill skiing, during which he needs to overcome special obstacles, such as flags. Before one can take up this type of skiing, a person must first become a pro at simple downhill skiing.

Freestyle is a kind of skiing, distinguished by its beauty and entertainment. The skier performs a variety of acrobatic stunts while descending the mountain.

Speaking about the benefits of skiing, it is worth noting that it contributes physical development whole body, improving the functioning of the cardiovascular system and maintaining mental balance.

Report 3

Skiing originated in distant Norway. Initially, skis were invented by northern peoples to move through deep snow, because sometimes the height of the snow cover reached a whole meter! Predatory animals could not quickly run through the snowdrifts. Skiing has often saved people's lives.

Skis were shorter and wider than modern ones. They were more suitable for walking than for riding. They were made from the most common material - wood. If the terrain was not very flat in relief, if there were many slopes, then the skis were padded with deer skins in order to slow down the speed of descent.

In our time, thanks to the introduction of scientific developments, skis began to be made of plastic. Skis and poles have become longer. This increased the speed. Now the basis of success in skiing is not only the physical endurance of the athlete, but also suitable materials, lubricants. Aerodynamics is calculated to the smallest detail.

In the modern era, there are so-called "summer skis". They are called roller skis. Roller skis were designed for competitive skiers to provide a workout during the off-season that is similar to winter training. Roller skis are already a mechanical device consisting of a frame, wheels and mounts. Interestingly, there are no brakes in the design. All skiers are afraid of this. It is difficult to brake on roller skis, but it is possible.

In our country, love for cross-country skiing is instilled in children from school. For students who spend a lot of time in the classroom, a lesson on the street is a great opportunity not only to relax and spend time with benefit, but also to try one of the Olympic sports.

Skiing develops the whole body, especially the cardiovascular system. Therefore, the standards are developed for each age separately. For a trained skier, the load does not feel like something difficult and exhausting. The main thing is not to skip workouts.

You don't need to spend a lot of money for ordinary ski trips. You don't need to rent a stadium or buy a season ticket. It is enough to dress in sportswear, go out into the forest - and here it is, the feeling of flying! Frosty air in the face! Speed! Descent from the mountain!

You can learn the technique of cross-country skiing. There are two main moves: skating and classic. The classic move does not allow the skier to develop great speed but easier to learn. Beginners start with it. Skating appeared quite recently - in the late 70s. We are very fond of among professional athletes, because it becomes easier to ride, and the speed increases.

Cross-country skiing is one of the most accessible and widespread sports. It is included in the program of the Winter Olympic Games, where the world's strongest skiers compete in speed and endurance!

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Research

2015
Table of contents

Introduction......................... 3
Goals, objectives, subject, object, research method, hypothesis.3
Main part
1. History of skis...4
2. Types of skis. .....4
3. Ski wax..............................5-6
4. From my experience......7
5. Skiing and health...7
Conclusion............7
Literature........7

Appendix 1 - types of skis .... 8

Introduction.
I learned to ski when I was 8 years old. At our school, ski training is an obligatory part of physical education lessons in the winter. As soon as it snows, I take out the skis that I got from my dad and go for a ride. I was curious, who and when invented skiing? How many types of skis are there in the modern world? And why skis are lubricated? I decided to do some research.

Research objectives:
Expand the area of \u200b\u200bpersonal knowledge on the topic “Skiing”.
Find answers to your questions.
Find out what ski ointments are used to lubricate skis.

Research objectives:
Gather information from the history of skiing.
Find out what types of skis are.

Subject of study:
Find out the effect of ski ointments on glide.
Learn, in practice, to prepare skis for skiing.

Object of study wax and skis

Research method information search and data processing for writing a project.

Research hypothesis This research work can be used by a physical education teacher in his practice.

The history of skis.

In distant historical times, it was very difficult to get food, to move from one settlement to another in winter through deep snow. Then the man discovered that by tying two specially shaped pieces of wood to his feet, he could move faster through snow-covered fields and forests.
The history of skiing goes back several millennia. This is confirmed by rock paintings in the caves of Norway, made about 7000 years ago.
Many centuries later, skis began to be used by the armies of the Scandinavian countries, then by the military in Russia.

Types of skis.
There are several types of skis, all of them are designed for different purposes, have different shapes, lengths, weights, are used in various types sports:
Snowshoes are the most ancient device for moving on snow. Cross-country - used for movement on snowy terrain. They are divided into two classes of skis: plastic and wooden. plastic skis there are for the classic style of movement and skating style.
Mountain - used for descents from mountain slopes and in skiing.
Jumping - used for ski jumping.
Water - used to move on the surface of the water on a cable connected to a boat. (Annex 1)

Ski wax.
Ever since the invention of skis, people have been striving to improve their glide.
In ancient times, skis were lined with animal skins. Such a coating provided good sliding forward, while preventing reverse slippage. Over time, people came up with the idea of lubricating skis with wax and lard, while the glide improved significantly. Nowadays, no one treats skis with natural fats, everyone uses special ski ointments. Modern ointments are divided into two types: sliding lubricants and holding lubricants. Each ski wax is applicable at a certain air temperature.
Wooden skis must be impregnated with a special resin, then they do not get wet when skiing on warm days and snow sticks to them less.
Plastic skis glide well, but in both directions. Therefore, for a classic move, holding lubricant must be applied to the central part of the ski. On the rest of the surface with sliding lubricant. When skating, the entire surface of the skis must be coated with glide lubricant.

The ski grease kit includes red wax for the weather (+1° - 0°), purple for (0° - 3°), blue for (-3° - 9°) and a rubbing plug.
If the skis slip during the classic course, you need to put a warmer ointment under the block on top of the old one and rub it with a cork.
If the skis go badly or do not go at all, then the ointment was chosen incorrectly and does not correspond to the air temperature. It is necessary to remove the old ointment with a scraper and apply a new one.

From my experience

It is not always possible to buy ski wax, so I use wax.

Skiing and health

Skiing is a very necessary and useful sport. Skiing strengthens the body, develops endurance, strength and agility.
For people of any age, skiing provides cheerfulness and cheerfulness, restores good sleep and appetite.
Skiing, people learn to overcome difficulties, temper their character, this is especially important for children.

Skiing is an amazing invention of primitive man.
In the modern world, there are more than five varieties of skis used for various purposes and in various sports.
To improve the glide of skis, it is necessary to use special ski lubricants correctly.
Skiing improves health.

Literature:

The free encyclopedia Wikipedia (Internet site).

Annex 1.

Snowshoes.

Cross-country skiing. Jump skis.

Skiing. Water skiing.

Arial Black An excellent example of an economical ski oiling kit, named after the king of skis, multiple world champion and Olympic Games Gunde Svana (Gounde pack)Picture 4 An excellent example of an economical ski oiling kit, named after the king of skis, multiple world and Olympic champion Gunde Svana (Gounde pack). Includes red ski wax(+1 - 0), purple ski wax (0 - 3), blue ski wax (-1 - 7) and synthetic cork rub. This set is enough for the eyes for all occasions, except for the spring "wet" days, but about the "wet" days - a little lower.

Skiing.

Introduction

1. History of skiing

2.1. Ski race

2.2. Nordic combined

2.3. ski jumping

2.4. Skiing

2.5. Freestyle

2.6. snowboarding

2.7. Biathlon

3.Conclusion

INTRODUCTION

Skiing is one of the most popular sports cultivated in Russian Federation. The most popular due to the availability and nature of the impact on the body are cross-country skiing at various distances. Practicing this sport is an important means physical education, occupy one of the first places in terms of the nature of motor actions.

In most regions of our country, where the winter is long and snowy, skiing is one of the most accessible and popular types of physical culture. Physical activity during skiing is very easily dosed both in terms of volume and intensity. This allows us to recommend skiing as a means of physical education for people of any age, gender, health status and level of physical fitness.

Performing moderate muscular work with the involvement of all major muscle groups in the movement at low temperatures, in clean frosty air, significantly increases the body's resistance to a variety of diseases and has a positive effect on overall performance. Walking and skiing in a beautiful wooded and diverse terrain deliver a positive effect on the nervous system, mental and physical performance.

Over the past twenty years, the science of sports, including the theory and methodology of skiing, began to develop rapidly. If earlier it mainly occupied an explanatory function and did little to help practice, then at present its role has changed significantly. Sports competitions are no longer just individual fights and not only team competitions, it is primarily a demonstration of the strength and skill of an athlete, the high tactical thinking of a teacher-trainer.

Everyone who starts skiing sets a specific goal for himself: one wants to become a champion, the other just wants to be stronger and more resilient, the third wants to lose weight with the help of skiing, the fourth wants to strengthen his will. And all this is possible. You just need to regularly, without making yourself concessions and discounts, train hard.

Skiing includes several independent sports: cross-country skiing, biathlon, ski jumping, biathlon, alpine skiing. For these sports there are rules for holding competitions and it is provided for the assignment of categories and titles in accordance with the requirements of the Unified sports classification. This stimulates systematic training and the growth of sports achievements of skiers. These types of skiing are included in the programs of championships and World Cups, the Winter Olympic Games.

2. Varieties of skiing sports

2.1. Ski race

Racing - cross-country skiing competitions on a specially prepared track. Classical distances: for men - individual races for 10, 15 km (up to 1952 for 18 km), 30 and 50 km, as well as a 4x10 km relay race; for women - individual races for 5, 10, 15 (since 1989), 30 km (in 1978-1989 - 20 km), as well as a 4 x 5 km relay (until 1970 - 3 x 5 km).

Racing is the most massive and popular type of ski competition. For the first time, competitions in cross-country skiing took place in Norway in 1767. Then the Swedes and Finns followed the example of the Norwegians, and later the passion for racing arose in Central Europe. At the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries. in many countries there were national ski clubs. In 1924 the International Ski Federation (FIS, FIS) was created. The USSR joined it in 1948. In 2000, the FIS consisted of 98 national federations.

The length of the races can be very different - from 1 km at the competitions of junior schoolchildren to 50 km at the championships of countries, the world, at the Olympics and up to "super marathons" of 70 km or more. The complexity of the distance is determined not only by its length, but also by the elevation difference, that is, the difference in elevation above sea level between the start-finish place and the highest point of the route.

Cross-country skiing was included in the programs of all winter olympics, since 1924, since 1925 world championships began to be held. Initially, these were only men's competitions at distances of 18 and 50 km. But the program has been constantly expanding. In 1952, women skiers took part in the VI Olympic Games in Oslo for the first time. In the late 1990s skiers played Olympic awards already in ten types of the program - five for men and five for women.

At the 1st Winter Olympics in Chamonix in 1924, along with the Olympic awards, the winners and prize-winners were awarded World Championship medals, which later became a tradition for all Olympic skiing competitions. Initially, the World Championships were held annually, then (starting from 1950) the FIS established a four-year cycle (even "non-Olympic" years), and since 1985 a two-year cycle (odd years).

In Russia, the first ski competitions took place in St. Petersburg in 1894, the track was laid right along the snowy Neva. In 1910 the first championship of Russia was held, in 1924 the first championship of the USSR.

In the 1920-30s. Soviet riders have repeatedly competed in international competitions. In 1954, for the first time, they took part in the World Championships in Falun (Sweden), where Vladimir Kuzin won two gold medals in the 30 and 50 km races and Lyubov Kozyreva in the 10 km race and the relay.

The greatest success in cross-country skiing was achieved by athletes from the Scandinavian countries and the USSR (Russia). Among Russian skiers: two-time world champion (1970) and two-time Olympic champion (1972) Vyacheslav Vedenin, four-time Olympic champion (1972, 1976) and five-time world champion (1970, 1974) Galina Kulakova, four-time Olympic champion(1976, 1980, 1992) and four-time world champion (1974, 1982, 1985, 1991) Raisa Smetanina, Olympic champion (1976) and world champion (1978) Sergey Savelyev, four-time Olympic champion (1980, 1984) Nikolai Zimyatov, six-time Olympic champion (1992, 1994) and three-time world champion (1991, 1993) Lyubov Egorova, three-time Olympic relay champion (1992, 1994, 1998) and fourteen-time world champion (1989-1997) Elena Vyalbe, five-time Olympic champion (1992, 1994, 1998) and nine-time world champion (1993-1999) Larisa Lazutina.

Among foreign riders, the highest results were shown by: Finns Veikko Hakulinen (three-time Olympic champion, 1952, 1956), Ero Mäntyuranta (three-time Olympic champion, 1960, 1964), his compatriot Marya-Liisa Hämäläinen-Kirvesniemi (three-time Olympic champion, 1984), Swede Gunde Svan (four-time Olympic champion, 1984, 1988), Norwegian Bjorn Daly (eight-time Olympic champion, 1992, 1994, 1998), in 1999 awarded the title of "Best skier of the 20th century."

Over the 75 years of its history, cross-country skiing competitions have undergone many changes. In the mid 1980s. in connection with the emergence of a new running technique (“skating”, or “free style”), the way to overcome each distance was regulated by the rules and program of the competition. In addition, “pursuit races” appeared in the program, the start order in which is determined by the results of competitions held the day before (according to the so-called “Gundersen system”, which entered the practice of Nordic combined a little earlier).

According to the rules of the competition, if the first races (30 km, men, and 15 km, women) are held in the classical style, then the last ones (50 km, men, and 30 km, women) are free and vice versa. According to the "Gundersen system" on the first day, skiers run in a classic style (10 km, men, and 5 km, women), the next day - free (15 km, men, and 10 km, women). In relay races, the first two stages are overcome in the classical style, the third and fourth - in the free style.

A special place in cross-country skiing is occupied by the so-called ultramarathons. They started in 1922 between the Swedish cities of Selen and Moro, a 90-kilometer run "Vaza-loppet", named after the Swedish king Gustav Vasa, who made this transition at the beginning of the 16th century. during the war of liberation against the Danes.

Ultramarathons are held in many countries of the world (including Russia under the name "Ski Track of Russia" since 1983). 14 of them are united in the permanent system of competitions "World Loppet" ("World Ultramarathon"), created in 1978.

2.2. Nordic combined

Nordic combined (northern combination) - a type of skiing that includes a race of 15 km and a jump from a 90-meter (originally from

70 meter springboard. Competitions are held in two days (on the first day - jumps, on the second - the race). Only men participate. Scoring is done according to the “Gundersen system” (developed by a Norwegian specialist): the difference in points obtained on the springboard is converted into seconds, as a result, the participants start the race from a common start, but with a handicap earned the day before, the one who crosses the finish line first wins.

According to the “Gundersen system”, team competitions of combined athletes are also held, which end with a 3x10 km relay race. In 1999, a new type of program appeared - the sprint biathlon, which is held within one competitive day: after the jump, literally an hour later, the participants go to the start of the race for 7.5 km (also with a handicap). The “Gundersen system” was borrowed by racers and biathletes: the so-called “pursuit races” are included in the program of their competitions.

As a sport, skiing originated in Norway at the end of the 19th century. (In Russia, the first competition took place in 1912 near St. Petersburg). In 1924 Nordic combined was included in the program of the Olympic Games and World Championships. In the USSR, biathlon began to develop in the late 1930s. The highest achievements in this form were achieved by the Norwegian athlete Johan Grettumsbroten (two-time Olympic champion in 1928 and 1932) and three-time Olympic champion from the GDR Ulrich Veling (1972, 1976, 1980). Among the Russian athletes-winners of the Olympic Games are Nikolai Kiselev (silver medal at the IX Olympiad in Innsbruck in 1964) and Nikolai Gusakov (bronze medal at the VIII Olympiad in Squaw Valley in 1960) and Valery Stolyarov (bronze medal at the XVIII Olympiad in Nagano in 1998) .

2.3. ski jumping

Ski jumping is a type of skiing. Competitions are held only among men from the medium (90 m) and large (120 m) springboards (originally: 70 and 90 m, respectively). The jump is evaluated in terms of technique (on a 20-point system) and flight length. Competitors perform two attempts.

Ski jumping originated in Norway at the end of the 19th century. In most Norwegian cities, first they began to build bulk earthen springboards, then wooden and metal structures. In 1897, the first official jumping competitions took place near Oslo (in Russia, in 1906, near St. Petersburg).

In parallel with jumping, biathlon also developed. In 1924, a technical committee for these disciplines was created at the International Ski Federation (FIS), at the same time jumping and biathlon were included in the program of the Winter Olympics and world championships.

It was the time of all-round skiers. Among them, the Norwegians Turleif Haug and Johan Grettumsbroten left the most notable mark, with great success performing both at race distances and on the springboard. They passed the victory baton to their fellow countryman Birger Ruud, who dominated the sport for 18 years (1930-1948). He won two Olympic gold medals and three at the world championships. His achievement was surpassed in the 1980s. only Finnish athlete Matti Nykanen (four-time Olympic champion and four-time World Cup winner).

For a long time, jumping competitions were held on one springboard of medium power (70 m) and took place on the same day. In 1962, jumping from a large springboard (90 m) was included in the program, and 20 years later, in 1982, team competitions were added to individual competitions - also on a large springboard. In the 1990s the calculated thickness of the medium and large springboards reached 90 and 120 m, respectively.

In addition to these jumps, there are so-called "flying" jumps, which are structures of a special design that allow you to make jump-flights up to 200 m or more in length. The most famous among them are ski jumps in Planica (Slovenia), Vikersund (Norway), Oberstdorf (Germany), Kulm (Austria). Since 1972, under the auspices and according to the rules of the FIS, world championships in skiing have been held, and the World Cup has been played. In 2000, at one of the stages of the Cup, the Austrian jumper Andrea Goldberger set a world record - his flight was 225 m.

In Russia, ski jumping began to really develop only in the late 1940s. The greatest success in this kind of skiing was achieved by Vladimir Belousov (Olympic gold medal at the Games in Grenoble, 1968) and Gary Napalkov, who won two gold medals at the 1970 World Championships in Strbske Pleso (Czechoslovakia).

2.4. Skiing

Alpine skiing - downhill skiing on special tracks, marked with gates, with time fixing. Includes: downhill, slalom, giant slalom, super-G and all-around events consisting of them. Competitions are held among women and men. The length of the tracks in the downhill - 2000-3500 m, the number of gates - 15-25; length of tracks in slalom - 450-500 m, number of gates for women - 50-55, for men - 60-75; track length in giant slalom up to 2000 m, number of gates 50-75; track length in the super giant - up to 2500 m. Developed in Austria, Switzerland, France, Italy, Germany, USA, Canada, Norway, Sweden. The program of the Olympic Games since 1936, the world championships have been held since 1931.

The beginning of all ski disciplines was laid by slalom, which appeared in all countries of Central Europe at the beginning of the 20th century. The greatest success in this sport was achieved by athletes from the Alpine countries of Europe and Scandinavia.

The development of alpine skiing is led by the International Ski Federation (FIS, FIS), and in 1931 an Alpine Skiing Technical Committee was established. In the same year, the first world championship was held in Mürren (Switzerland). The first world champion in slalom and downhill was the English skier E. McKinnon.

It is interesting to note that in alpine skiing, unlike racing, there has never been a "female discrimination". The formulas for men's and women's competitions have always been identical, developed and changed on an equal footing. In 1936, at the IV Winter Olympics in Garmisch-Partenkirchen (Germany), the first Olympic champions were the German skiers Franz Pfnür and Christel Kranz (in addition, at six world championships, 1934-39, she won 12 gold and 3 silver medals).

In the early 1950s in the Olympic program ski competitions giant slalom was included, and scoring was introduced in triathlon, but Olympic medals were not played in this form. According to this formula, skiers competed for about 30 years, then the slalom committee of the federation decided to exclude triathlon from the program, and instead introduce a new competition - an alpine combination consisting of independent starts in slalom and downhill. In 1987, the fifth alpine skiing discipline was included - the super giant, which finally predetermined the narrow specialization of the participants. They were divided into quite distinct groups of masters of technique (slalom and giant) and speed (descent and super), supporters of the universal approach competed on the combination courses.

The highest results in alpine skiing competitions were achieved by the Austrian athlete Anton Sailer (three gold medals at the VII Olympics in Cortina d'Ampezzo, 1956), as well as the Frenchman Jean-Claude Killy, who repeated his achievement at the X Olympics in Grenoble (1968).

In recent decades, skiing has been dominated by Western European athletes: Annemarie Prell, Petra Kronberger, Herman Mayer (Austria); Gustavo Toni, Deborah Compagnoni, Alberto Tomba (Italy); Ingemar Stenmark, Pernilla Wieberg (Sweden); Erica Hess, Pirmin Zurbriggen (Switzerland); Katya Seitzinger (Germany); Kjetil Omodt (Norway) and others.

Among Russian skiers, the greatest success was achieved by: Evgenia Sidorova (bronze medal at the VII Olympics in Cortina d'Ampezzo in 1956), Svetlana Gladysheva (bronze medal in downhill at the World Championships in 1991 and silver in the super giant at the XVII Olympics in Lillehammer in 1994).

2.5. Freestyle

Freestyle (eng. free style, letters. - free, freestyle), a type of skiing; includes three varieties: 1) mogul - downhill skiing on a hilly track with two obligatory "curly" jumps; 2) the so-called ski ballet - descent from the mountains with the performance of various dance figures (steps, rotations, turns, etc.); 3) ski jumping with a series of acrobatic figures (somersaults, pirouettes, etc.). The Freestyle Committee (founded in 1978) under the International Ski Federation (FIS) has over 30 countries (1999). The World Cup has been held since 1978, the World Championships since 1986.

In all three events, judges evaluate the technique of performed jumps or figures (in mogul, the time of passing the track is additionally recorded).

The pioneers of freestyle skiing were skiers who lacked the thrill of the slopes and the discipline of slalom techniques. So, one of the strongest moguls of the 1990s, French Olympic champion Edgar Grospiron, was expelled from the ski team for lack of prospects. His habit of going downhill with his knees tightly clenched was more in keeping with the new sport of freestyle.

The freestyle craze that arose in Europe and the United States in the early 1970s swept the entire skiing world in a short time. Amateur local competitions began everywhere, but when their rank rose to the level of national championships and international tournaments, the need arose for unified rules. The freestyle technical committee established within the framework of the FIS has developed a unified competition regulation.

At the XV Winter Olympics in Calgary (1988), demonstration performances demonstrated unique numbers in all types of freestyle, but only at the next XVI Olympiad in Albertville (1992) one of the types of freestyle - mogul was included in the program of Olympic sports. In 1994 in Lillehammer at the XVII Olympiad, acrobatic ski jumping was included in the program (ski ballet is still outside the Olympic program).

Freestyle appeared in Russia in the mid-1980s. In 1986, the first all-Union competitions took place. Despite the lag, they won prizes at the Olympics in Lillehammer Russian athletes Elizaveta Kozhevnikova (mogul, third place) and Sergey Shchupletsov (mogul, second place). In addition, Shchupletsov also became a two-time world champion in combination. The world champions in ski ballet were Elena Batalova (1995), Oksana Kushchenko (1997), Natalia Razumovskaya (1999), in acrobatic jumps - Vasilisa Semenchuk (1991).

2.6. snowboarding

snowboarding

Snowboarding originated in the 1960s, when American slalomist Jay Barton demonstrated downhill skiing on a ski board (snowboard) he invented, which immediately caught the attention of ski manufacturers. A professional international federation (ISF) was created, competitions began to be held with the awarding of world champion titles to the winners. But only in 1995 was established within the framework of the International Ski Federation (FIS) a technical committee on snowboarding. In 1996 the first world championship was held.

The snowboarding program includes two types of competitions: one of them is held on an ordinary snowy slope, it includes varieties of slalom and giant slalom; the second requires a special structure - a gutter resembling a cylinder cut along. According to this analogy, the competitions are called "half-pipe" (English half-pipe - half-pipe). In the "half-pipe" the athlete rolls down a kind of sinusoid from one section of the half-pipe to another, making jumps-coups at its edges. Judges evaluate the complexity and technique of jumping.

The program of the XVIII Olympic Games in Nagano (1998) included "half-pipe" and giant slalom. Russian snowboarding championships have been held since 1997.

2.7. Biathlon

Biathlon has emerged as a result of competitions related to skiing and shooting, held for many years in our country and abroad. The first competitions in skiing with shooting were held in 1767. in Norway. Among the three numbers of the program, 2 prizes were provided for skiers who, during the descent from a slope of medium steepness, will hit a certain target from a gun at a distance of 40-50 steps. Despite such an earlier origin, biathlon has not gained distribution in other countries.

The development of biathlon in its modern form began only at the beginning of the 20th century. In the 20-30s, paramilitary skiing competitions were widespread in the Red Army. Athletes covered a distance of 50 km with full combat gear, overcoming various obstacles. Subsequently, paramilitary skiing with weapons changed, more and more approaching sports competitions. Thus, patrol races appeared, consisting of a 30 km team race with weapons and shooting at the finish line.

"Military patrol races" were popular abroad as well. They were included in the program as demonstrations at the first Winter Olympics in Chamonix in 1924. with the awarding of winners and prize-winners with Olympic medals. The same demonstration performances of "patrolists" were held at the II, IV, V Winter Olympics.

The spectacle of paramilitary competitions due to the combination in one competition of several sports that differ in the nature of motor activity contributed to the transformation of patrol races into a new independent sport - biathlon, approved in 1957. International Union of Modern Pentathlon.

First official championship countries in biathlon with the participation mainly of ski racers and "patrollers" was held on the Uktus mountains near Sverdlovsk in 1957. The first holder of the title of "country champion in biathlon" was Vladimir Marinychev, who won the 30 km distance with shooting. This championship gave a powerful impetus to the development of biathlon.

Until now, the national championships are held annually.

In 1958 biathletes held the first world championship. Biathlon's birthday was officially proclaimed on March 2, 1958. at the first world championship in Austria.

Initially, the program of biathletes at the national championships, the world championships and the Olympic Games included one type - a 20 km ski race with shooting from military weapons (caliber 5.6; 6.5 and 7.62 mm) at four firing lines with five shots at each of them. At the first three lines, shooting was allowed from any position, and at the fourth, last line, only from a standing position. For each miss by the time rendered in the race, two penalty minutes were charged. In 1965 By decision of the International Union of Modern Pentathlon and Biathlon (UIPMB), the requirements for shooting were increased. Firstly, they increased the number of mandatory shooting exercises from a standing position - two (on the second and fourth lines) instead of one. Secondly, the penalty time was differentiated - 1 minute for hitting the outer circle and 2 minutes for missing the target. In 1966 at the world championships and since 1968. at the Olympic Games, the program was expanded with the introduction of a 4x7.5 km relay, and then (in 1974 at the World Championships and 1980 at the Olympic Games) 10 km sprint races. In the same disciplines, shooting is carried out at two lines from a prone and standing position. Moreover, in the relay at each turn, eight rounds can be used to hit five targets. Each miss is compensated by passing an additional 150m penalty loop. Since 1986 free style is used at all distances. The popularity of biathlon in the world has increased significantly since 1978, when military weapon was replaced by a small-caliber rifle (5.6mm), the shooting distance was reduced to 50m, the 2-minute penalty was canceled, the size of the targets was set - 4cm when shooting prone and 11cm when shooting standing (in diameter). Biathlon has become more accessible. Currently biathlon is cultivated in 57 countries.

Biathlon became an Olympic sport in 1960. At the VIII Winter Olympic Games in Squaw Valley, 1960. first Olympic champion In biathlon, the Swedish athlete K.Lestander became a winner with a low race result (1:33.21) and excellent shooting: 20 hits out of 20! Excellent shooting was at that time the main criterion that determined the final result of the competition. The bronze medal of A.Privalov was the first award for biathlon at the first Winter Olympic Games in 1960.

In the Olympic biathlon competitions, athletes from the Scandinavian countries, the USSR - the CIS - Russia, the GDR - Germany were more successful than others. At one time he won two gold medals in the Olympic Games: Magnar Solberg (Norway) 1968, 1972, Viktor Mamatov (USSR) 1968, 1972; Ivan Byakov (USSR) 1972, 1976; Nikolai Kruglov (USSR) 1976; Anatoly Alyabyev (USSR) 1980; Frank Peter Rech (GDR) 1988; Mark Kirchner (Germany) 1992, 1994; Dmitry Vasiliev (USSR) 1984, 1988; Sergey Chepikov (RF) 1988, 1994 Among women, two-time Olympic champions were Anfisa Reztsova (RF) 1992, 1994. and Canadian Mariam Bedar - 1994.

Four Olympic gold medals for Alexander Tikhonov for victories in relay races at four Olympics in Grenoble, Sapporo, Innsbruck and Lake Placid, recognized as the best "shooting skier" of the planet.

The first Soviet Olympic champion in biathlon - the most difficult form of the Winter Olympic Games - was Vladimir Melanin in 1964 (Innsbruck), in a 20 km race. Golden traditions in the relay race, Soviet biathletes held six Olympics in a row, starting in 1968. In the annals of the world biathlon of the 20th century, such a sporting achievement will forever remain a record.

Women's biathlon gained recognition in 1984. at the World Championships in Chamonix (France). Venera Chernyshova became the first world champion. In 1992 women's biathlon was included in the program of the XVI Winter Olympic Games in Albertville, France. At these games, Anfisa Reztsova became the first Olympic champion at a distance of 7.5 km. Won "gold", despite three misses in the sprint distance. After 2 years, she again becomes the Olympic champion in biathlon at a distance of 7.5 km in the relay race, in Lillehammer (Norway). Galina Kukleva from Tyumen won the only gold medal in biathlon for the Russian team at the XVIII Winter Olympic Games in Nagano. The 7.5 km race, in which she won, turned out to be one of the most dramatic. At the finish line, the champion and the silver medalist - Ursula Disl from Germany - were separated by only 0.7 seconds. The winner of the men's 10 km sprint race was the Norwegian, Ole Einar Bjorndalen.

In the biathlon relay, Galina Kukleva did the most difficult thing - she played for about 30 seconds and pulled our team from sixth to second position. Silver medals for Russian biathletes: Olga Melnik, Galina Kukleva, Albina Akhatova and Olga Romasko.

The favorites of the men's biathlon relay were the teams of Germany, Norway and Russia, the countries whose athletes won the most awards at the Nagano Olympics. The first three places were taken by these teams, in the same order in which they stand in the unofficial team standings.

Victor Maigurov, Pavel Muslimov, Sergey Tarasov and Vladimir Drachev are bronze medalists in the men's biathlon relay.

The achievements of the biathletes of the Soviet Union and Russia over 40 years of development are the pride of national and world sports.

3.Conclusion

So, the main types of skiing, the process of their development, the rules for holding competitions and the highest achievements in each of them were outlined above, on the basis of which the following conclusions can be drawn.

Skiing is a means of physical education for people of any age, state of health and level of physical fitness.

Skiing in the clear frosty air significantly increases the body's resistance to a variety of diseases, has a positive effect on mental and physical performance, and has a positive effect on the nervous system.

During skiing, the most important moral and volitional qualities are successfully brought up: courage and perseverance, discipline and diligence, the ability to endure any difficulties, physical endurance.

Essay

On this topic:

"Skiing"

Performed:

10th grade student A

School No. 127

G. Kazan

Kholmirzaeva Zulfiya.

Essay on the topic "Skiing"

Completed by: Daniil Eremeev

11A student

Introduction

Skiing is one of the most popular sports cultivated in the Russian Federation. The most popular due to the availability and nature of the impact on the body are cross-country skiing at various distances. Classes in this sport are an important means of physical education, occupying one of the first places in terms of the nature of motor actions.

Skiing includes several independent sports: cross-country skiing, biathlon, ski jumping, biathlon, alpine skiing. For these sports there are rules for holding competitions and the assignment of categories and titles is provided in accordance with the requirements of the Unified Sports Classification. This stimulates systematic training and the growth of sports achievements of skiers. These types of skiing are included in the programs of championships and World Cups, the Winter Olympic Games.

The emergence, development and initial use of skis

Various devices that increase the area of \u200b\u200bsupport when moving through deep snow were used by ancient peoples in everyday life and hunting. The first such devices, obviously, were the skins of dead animals, with which the ancient hunters wrapped their legs, protecting them from the cold. This was the impetus for the use of other objects (fragments of bark, chips, and later planks) to increase the area of support.

The latest data suggest that skis were invented at the end of the Upper Paleolithic - about 15-20 thousand years ago (and not 5 thousand, as previously thought). This period of human development (Upper Paleolithic) is characterized by a relatively high culture (sculptures from tusks and stone, bone carving, multicolored images in caves). According to the level of development, the invention of skis was then quite capable of ancient man. The northernmost Upper Paleolithic sites in the world were found on the territory of the Russian Federation ancient man- at the mouth of the Chusovaya River and on the Lena River (Yakutia).

In the process of evolution, the shape of the skis was gradually improved. After stepping skis, sliding skis appeared. But there was a period when they used sliding skis different lengths - one narrow and long for sliding, and the other - shorter and wider - for repulsion.

In conditions of movement over rough terrain, hunting and in the forest, it is inconvenient to use skis of different lengths. Apparently, therefore, skis appeared shorter and wider, but the same in length.

Later, skis began to be used, covered from below with the skin of an elk, deer or seal with a short pile located back, which made it possible to avoid slipping when climbing uphill. There is evidence that northern and eastern peoples glued skins to skis using glue made from horns, bones and blood of elk, deer or fish scales. It is known that a similar method of making skis was used by some nationalities of our country at the beginning of the 20th century.

History of skiing

For the first time, Norwegians showed interest in skiing as a sport. In 1733 Hans Emahusen issued the first instruction on the ski training of troops with a clearly sporting bias. In 1767 the first competitions were held in all types of skiing (in modern terms): biathlon, slalom, downhill and racing.

The world's first exhibition of various types of skis and ski equipment was opened in Trondheim, in 1862-1863. In 1877. in Norway, the first ski sports society was organized, and soon a sports club was opened in Finland. Then ski clubs began to function in other countries of Europe, Asia and America.

In the second half of the 19th century, an organized sports movement began to develop in Russia. On December 29, 1895, in Moscow, on the territory of the current stadium of Young Pioneers, the grand opening of the country's first organization leading the development of skiing, the Moscow Ski Club, took place. This official date is considered to be the birthday of skiing in our country. In addition to the Moscow Skiers' Club, in 1901 the Society of Skiers was established, and in 1910, the Sokolniki Skiers' Club. By analogy with the Moscow
1897 The Polar Star ski club is created in St. Petersburg. In those years, skiing in Moscow was cultivated in the winter in 11 more clubs, in St. Petersburg in 8 clubs in other sports. In 1910 ski clubs. Moscow united in the Moscow League of Skiers. The League carried out public management of skiing not only in Moscow, but also in other cities of Russia. During the ski season of 1909-1910, a record number of competitions were held in Moscow - eighteen, in which 100 participants performed.

Non-Olympic events include those exercises on skis that are approved by the relevant International Ski Federation and have the legal status of a type of skiing.

Non-Olympic sports: orienteering, windsurfing, team race of four biathletes, ski ballet or figure skiing, sprint Nordic combined, ski jumping, speed skiing, parallel slalom. In these sports, official world championships, the World Cup, and other international competitions are held.

In skiing, new competitive exercises are constantly appearing, many of which, as they are introduced, can acquire the official status of a type of skiing, up to inclusion in the Olympic program - they are classified as demonstration: towing a skier, hang-gliding skiing, descent from mountain peaks, mini -skis; ski stunts: ski jump from a cliff with a parachute, ski jump from an airplane without a parachute, descent at the speed of a skier and race car driver.

During the years of participation in the Olympic Games, ski racers of the USSR-CIS among the five leading national teams of the world (Finland, Norway, Sweden, Italy) demonstrate an enviable stability of the leader at the highest level.

Phenomenal, unprecedented in Olympic history success was achieved by Russian skiers at the XVIII Winter Olympic Games and Nagano, who won all five races on the most difficult tracks in Hakuba. She brought three gold medals - two for victories in individual races and one in the relay race, as well as a silver and bronze medals she brought from. The owner of three gold medals of the Games-98 L. Lazutina was awarded the highest national state award - the Gold Star "Hero of Russia". In 1994, the six-time Olympic champion in cross-country skiing Lyubov Yegorova was awarded the same award.

The real discovery of the XVIII Winter Olympic Games in Nagano was Yulia Chepalova. At the first Olympics in her life, she won the 30 km race.

The first gold medal for the Russian team was won by Olga Danilova in the 15km distance.

Modern skiing includes 39 ski disciplines at the Nagano Olympics, 26 competitive ski events awaiting Olympic registration, and more than 20 exercises that are approved in the status of a “sport”.

Athletics is rightly called the "queen of sports", and the rapidly developing skiing in the retinue of winter Olympic disciplines is the uncontested "king of sports".

Varieties of ski sports

Ski race

Cross-country skiing has been included in the programs of all Winter Olympics since 1924, and since 1925 world championships have been held. Initially, these were only men's competitions at distances of 18 and 50 km. But the program has been constantly expanding. In 1952, women skiers took part in the VI Olympic Games in Oslo for the first time. In the late 1990s skiers competed for Olympic awards in ten types of the program - five each for men and women.

Nordic combined

Nordic combined (northern combination) - a type of skiing that includes a race of 15 km and a jump from a 90-meter (originally from
70 meter springboard. Competitions are held in two days (on the first day - jumps, on the second - the race). Only men participate. Scoring is done according to the “Gundersen system” (developed by a Norwegian specialist): the difference in points obtained on the springboard is converted into seconds, as a result, the participants start the race from a common start, but with a handicap earned the day before, the one who crosses the finish line first wins.

ski jumping

Skiing

In the early 1950s giant slalom was included in the Olympic program of alpine skiing competitions, and scoring in triathlon was also introduced, but Olympic medals were not played in this form. According to this formula, skiers competed for about 30 years, then the slalom committee of the federation decided to exclude triathlon from the program, and instead introduce a new competition - an alpine combination consisting of independent starts in slalom and downhill. In 1987, the fifth alpine skiing discipline was included - the super giant, which finally predetermined the narrow specialization of the participants. They were divided into quite distinct groups of masters of technique (slalom and giant) and speed (descent and super), supporters of the universal approach competed on the combination courses.

Freestyle

In all three events, judges evaluate the technique of performed jumps or figures (in mogul, the time of passing the track is additionally recorded).

The pioneers of freestyle skiing were skiers who lacked the thrill of the slopes and the discipline in their performance. techniques slalom. So, one of the strongest moguls of the 1990s, French Olympic champion Edgar Grospiron, was expelled from the ski team for lack of prospects. His habit of going downhill with his knees tightly clenched was more in keeping with the new sport of freestyle.

The freestyle craze that arose in Europe and the United States in the early 1970s swept the entire skiing world in a short time. Amateur local competitions began everywhere, when their rank rose to the level of national championships and international tournaments, then there was a need for unified rules. The freestyle technical committee established within the framework of the FIS has developed a unified competition regulation.

At the XV Winter Olympics in Calgary (1988), unique numbers in all types of freestyle were demonstrated at demonstration performances, but only at the next XVI Olympics in Albertville (1992) one of the types of freestyle - mogul was included in the program of Olympic sports. In 1994 in Lillehammer at the XVII Olympiad, acrobatic ski jumping was included in the program (ski ballet is still outside the Olympic program).

Freestyle appeared in Russia in the mid-1980s. In 1986, the first all-Union competitions took place. Despite the lag, at the Olympics in Lillehammer, Russian athletes Elizaveta Kozhevnikova (mogul, third place) and Sergey Shchupletsov (mogul, second place) became winners. In addition, Shchupletsov also became a two-time world champion in combination. The world champions in ski ballet were Elena Batalova (1995), Oksana Kushchenko (1997), Natalia Razumovskaya (1999), in acrobatic jumps - Vasilisa Semenchuk (1991).

snowboarding

snowboarding

The snowboarding program includes two types of competitions: one of them is held on an ordinary snowy slope, it includes varieties of slalom and giant slalom; the second requires a special construction of a gutter, resembling a cylinder cut along. According to this analogy, the competitions are called "half-pipe" (English half-pipe - half-pipe). In the "half-pipe" the athlete rolls down a kind of sinusoid from one section of the half-pipe to another, making jumps-coups at its edges. Judges evaluate the complexity and technique of jumping.

The program of the XVIII Olympic Games in Nagano (1998) included "half-pipe" and giant slalom. Russian snowboarding championships have been held since 1997.

Biathlon

The development of biathlon in its modern form began only at the beginning of the 20th century. In the 20-30s, paramilitary skiing competitions were widespread in the Red Army. Athletes covered a distance of 50 km with full combat gear, overcoming various obstacles. Subsequently, paramilitary ski racing with weapons was modified, more and more approaching sports competitions. Thus, patrol races appeared, consisting of a 30 km team race with weapons and shooting at the finish line.

The first official national championship in biathlon with the participation of mainly cross-country skiers and "patrollers" was held on the Uktusskiye Gory near Sverdlovsk in 1957. The first holder of the title of "country champion in biathlon" was Vladimir Marinychev, who won the 30 km distance with shooting. This championship gave a powerful impetus to the development of biathlon.

At the first three lines, shooting was allowed from any position, and at the fourth, last line, only from a standing position. For each miss by the time rendered in the race, two penalty minutes were charged. In 1965 By decision of the International Union of Modern Pentathlon and Biathlon (UIPMB), the requirements for shooting were increased. Firstly, they increased the number of mandatory shooting exercises from a standing position - two (on the second and fourth lines) instead of one. Secondly, the penalty time was differentiated - 1 minute for hitting the outer circle and 2 minutes for missing the target. In 1966 at the world championships and since 1968. at the Olympic Games, the program was expanded with the introduction of a 4x7.5 km relay, and then (in 1974 at the World Championships and 1980 at the Olympic Games) 10 km sprint races. In the same disciplines, shooting is carried out at two lines from a prone and standing position. Moreover, in the relay at each turn, eight rounds can be used to hit five targets. Each miss is compensated by passing an additional 150m penalty loop. Since 1986 free style is used at all distances. The popularity of biathlon in the world increased significantly after 1978, when military weapons were replaced with a small-caliber rifle (5.6 mm), the shooting distance was reduced to 50 m, the 2-minute penalty was canceled, the size of the targets was set - 4 cm when shooting prone and 11 cm when shooting standing (according to diameter). Biathlon has become more accessible. Currently biathlon is cultivated in 57 countries.

The achievements of the biathletes of the Soviet Union and Russia over 40 years of development are the pride of national and world sports.

Conclusion

Skiing is a means of physical education for people of any age, state of health and level of physical fitness.

Skiing

Skiing- includes cross-country skiing, ski jumping, biathlon (race and jumping), alpine skiing. Born in Norway in the 18th century. The International Federation - FIS (FIS; founded in 1924) has about 60 countries (1991). Since 1924 - in the program of the Winter Olympic Games, world championships - since 1925 (officially - since 1937).

Skiing can be divided into 4 major types:

Northern views: cross-country skiing, orienteering, ski jumping, Nordic combination or Nordic combined

Alpine views: virtually all alpine skiing: downhill, giant slalom, super-giant slalom, slalom, alpine skiing: (the champion is determined by the sum of two types: downhill | downhill and slalom), team competitions.

Freestyle: downhill skiing with elements of acrobatic jumps and ballet: mogul, ski acrobatics, ski ballet.

Snowboard: exercises on one "big ski" (special board).

There are sports that include elements of skiing, as well as non-Olympic and less common types of skiing:

- biathlon- ski racing with rifle shooting, very popular in many countries separate view sports, is included in the program of the Olympic Games, like skiing;

- skitour- skiing plus small trips on skis, something like

- ski tourism(variety sports tourism)

- ski orienteering .

- ski mountaineering

Ski race

Cross-country skiing - ski racing for a certain distance along a specially prepared track among persons of a certain category (age, gender, etc.). They belong to cyclic sports.

The main styles of skiing are "classic style" and "free style".

Classic style

The original, “classic style” includes those types of movement in which the skier passes almost the entire distance along a previously prepared ski track, consisting of two parallel lines.

The most common are the alternating two-step move (used on flat areas and gentle slopes (up to 2 °), and with very good sliding - on slopes of medium steepness (up to 5 °)) and simultaneous one-step travel (used on flat areas, on gentle slopes with good glide, as well as on slopes with satisfactory glide).

Free style

"Free style" implies that the skier is free to choose the way to move along the distance, but since the "classic" move is inferior in speed to the "skate", "free style" is, in fact, a synonym for "skating". Skating methods of transportation have been widely used since 1981, when the Finnish skier Pauli Siitonen, who was then already over 40, used it for the first time in competitions (in a 55 km race) and won.

The most common are simultaneous two-step skating (used both on flat areas and on slopes of small and medium steepness) and simultaneous one-step skating (used during starting acceleration, on any plains and gentle sections of the distance, as well as on slopes up to 10-12 ° )

The main types of cross-country skiing

Time trial competition

Mass start competitions (mass start)

Pursuit racing (pursuit, pursuit, Gundersen system)

relay races

Individual sprint

Team sprint

Time trial competition

With a separate start, athletes start at a certain interval in a certain sequence. As a rule, the interval is 30 seconds (less often - 15 seconds, 1 minute). The sequence is determined by a draw or the current position of the athlete in the ranking (the strongest start last). Pair separate start is possible. The final result of the athlete is calculated by the formula "finish time" minus "start time".

Mass start competition

In the mass start, all athletes start at the same time. At the same time, athletes best rating occupy the most advantageous places at the start. The final result coincides with the finish time of the athlete.

pursuit racing

Pursuit races (pursuit) are combined competitions consisting of several stages. At the same time, the starting position of athletes at all stages (except the first) is determined by the results of the previous stages. As a rule, in cross-country skiing, the pursuit takes place in two stages, one of which the athletes run in the classic style, and the other in the free style.

Pursuit races with a break are held in two days, less often - with an interval of several hours. The first race takes place, as a rule, with a separate start. According to its final results, the gap from the leader for each of the participants is determined. The second race is played with a handicap equal to this gap. The winner of the first race starts first. The final result of the pursuit race coincides with the finish time of the second race.

The non-stop pursuit (duathlon) begins with a general start. After overcoming the first half of the distance with one style, athletes change skis in a specially equipped area and immediately overcome the second half of the distance with another style. The final result of the pursuit without a break coincides with the finish time of the athlete.

relay races

Ski relay races consist of four legs (rarely three), of which legs 1 and 2 are run in classic style, and legs 3 and 4 are run in free style. The relay starts with a mass start, with the most favorable places at the start being determined by a draw or they are received by the teams that took the highest places in previous similar competitions. The transfer of the baton is carried out by touching the palm of any part of the body of the starting athlete of his team, while both athletes are in the transfer zone. The final result of the relay team is calculated by the formula "finish time of the last team member" minus "start time of the first team member".

Individual sprint

Individual sprint competitions begin with a qualification, which is organized in the individual start format. After qualification, the selected athletes compete in the sprint finals, which are held in the form of races of various formats with a mass start. The number of athletes selected for the final races does not exceed 30. First, the quarter-finals are held, then the semi-finals and, finally, the B and A finals. The athletes who did not qualify for the A final take part in the B final. The table of the final results of the individual sprint is formed in the following order: final A results, final B results, quarter-finalists, non-qualifiers.

Team sprint

The team sprint is held as a relay race with teams consisting of two athletes who alternately replace each other, running 3-6 laps of the track each. With a sufficiently large number of declared teams, two semi-finals are held, of which an equal number the best teams qualified for the final. The team sprint starts with a mass start. The final result of the team sprint is calculated according to the relay rules.

Distance length

At official competitions, the distance ranges from 800 meters to 50 km. In this case, one distance may consist of several circles.

Race format Distance (km)

Time Trials 5, 7.5, 10, 15, 30, 50

Mass start competitions 10, 15, 30, 50

Pursuit 5, 7.5, 10, 15

Relays (length of one leg) 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10

Individual sprint (men) 1 - 1.4

Individual sprint (women) 0.8 - 1.2

Team sprint (men) 2x(3-6) 1 - 1.4

Team sprint (women) 2x(3-6) 0.8 - 1.2

Biathlon

Biathlon (from Latin bis - twice and Greek ’άθλον - competition, wrestling) is a winter Olympic sport that combines skiing with rifle shooting.

Biathlon is most popular in Germany, Russia and Norway. From 1993 to the present, official international biathlon competitions, including the World Cup and World Championships, have been held under the auspices of the International Biathlon Union (IBU).

Story

The first race, which vaguely resembled a biathlon, took place in 1767. It was organized by the border guards on the Swedish-Norwegian border. As a sport, biathlon took shape in the 19th century in Norway as an exercise for soldiers. Biathlon was presented at the Olympic Games in 1924, 1928, 1936 and 1948. In 1960, it was included in the program of the Winter Olympic Games. The first winner of the Olympic Games (in Squaw Valley, 1960) was the Swede K. Lestander. Then the Soviet athlete Alexander Privalov got a bronze medal.

Rules and Equipment

Biathlon uses a free (i.e. skating) style of skiing. Regular skis and cross country ski poles are used.

For shooting, small-caliber rifles with a minimum weight of 3.5 kg are used, which are transported on the back during the race. When releasing the hook, the index finger must overcome a force of at least 500 g. The scope of the rifle is not allowed to have the effect of magnifying the target. The caliber of cartridges is 5.6 mm. The speed of a bullet when fired at a distance of 1 m from the muzzle must not exceed 380 m/s.

At the shooting range, the distance to the targets is 50 meters (until 1977 - 100 meters). Targets used in competitions are traditionally black, in the amount of five pieces. As they hit, the targets are closed with a white valve, which allows the biathlete to immediately see the result of his shooting. (Many types of targets have been used in the past, including shatter plates and balloons.) Pre-competition zeroing is done on paper targets similar to those used in bullet shooting. The diameter of the targets (more precisely, the zone in which the hit is counted) when shooting from a prone position is 45 mm, and from a standing position - 115 mm. In all types of races, with the exception of the relay race, the biathlete has five shots at each firing line. In the relay, you can use additional cartridges, manually loaded, in the amount of 3 pieces for each firing line.

individual race

The classic individual race was the very first biathlon discipline. In its modern form, it is a 20 km race for men and 15 for women, consisting of 5 4 km laps (3 km for women) with 4 shooting between laps. Athletes start separately, one after the other, with an interval of 30 seconds. The first and third shootings are made from a prone position, the second and fourth shootings from a standing position. For each miss, one minute is added to the time for the athlete to complete the distance.

Sprint

A race of 10 km for men and 7.5 for women with two firing lines. The first shooting is prone, the second standing. Athletes start separately. For each miss, the athlete is provided for the passage of a "penalty circle" - an additional segment of the distance equal to 150 meters.

Pursuit

Race 12.5 km for men and 10 km for women. It consists of 5 circles (2.5 km each for men or 2 km each for women) with 4 firing lines (the first 2 lines are shooting lying down, the second 2 are standing). The start is given separately with a handicap corresponding to the gap from the winner in the previous "qualifying" race - sprint or individual race (in the latter case, the gap is divided in half). The first 60 athletes following the results of the qualifying race can take part in the pursuit race. For each miss in the pursuit, the athlete has to go through a 150-meter penalty loop.

Race from the general start

The 15 km race for men and 12.5 km for women consists of 5 laps (3 km for men or 2.5 km for women) with 4 firing lines (the first 2 lines are prone shooting, the second 2 are standing). A mass start race (or simply "mass start") is one of newest species competitions. It is attended by 30 strongest athletes based on the results of past competitions. All athletes start at the same time. For each miss, the athlete is provided with a penalty section of the distance equal to 150 meters.

Relay race

The relay race consists of 4 (in some cases 3) stages. All teams start at the same time. Each stage is run by an individual athlete, who then passes the baton to the runner of the next stage (the last stage running finishes). Each stage (currently 7.5 km for men and 6 km for women) consists of three laps of the course and two firing lines between them (the first prone, the second standing). When shooting after using the first five cartridges and in the presence of uncovered targets, the athlete must manually reload additional cartridges (no more than 3 at each turn). If an athlete failed to close 5 targets with 8 cartridges, then for each uncovered target, the athlete is provided with a penalty section of the distance equal to 150 meters.

mixed relay

Both men and women take part in this relay race. The first and second stages (6 km each) are held by women, the third and fourth (7.5 km each) by men. Shooting rules are similar to the "classic" relay race.

The mixed relay is the youngest type of biathlon competition, which is held as part of the World Championships and the World Cup. For the first time, the mixed relay was held at the fifth stage of the World Cup of the 2002/2003 season in Ruhpolding, then the athletes ran 4x4.8 km. As part of the world championships, the mixed relay was first held in 2005 in Khanty-Mansiysk. The first champions and world champions at this distance were Russian biathletes Olga Pyleva, Svetlana Ishmuratova, Ivan Cherezov and Nikolai Nikolaevich Kruglov. The second mixed relay within the framework of the World Cup competitions took place in the 2007/2008 season at the stage in Pyeongchang.

team race

It is currently held as part of the "Feast of the North" and the championship of Russia. There are two types of race: team sprint (distance 7.5-10 km; two firing lines, where two team members shoot - the first line lying down, the second standing), as well as the actual team race (distance 15-20 km; four firing lines). frontier - one athlete shoots at each of them). A variation of the team race is also the "patrol race" - a distance of 20 km for women and 25 km for men; 5 people in each team; two firing lines (lying and standing), where each biathlete shoots once. The patrol race is now held as part of the World Championship among military personnel. In any kind of team race, if any of the team members misses, the whole team runs the penalty loop.

Skiing

Skiing - descent from the mountains on special skis. A sport as well as a popular outdoor activity for millions of people around the world.

Downhill(English downhill - “down the hill”) - the discipline of skiing, the essence of which is to pass a specially prepared track for a while.

The speed of the athlete during the passage of certain sections of the route exceeds 140 km / h, and the flight length during jumps is 40-50 meters. This discipline is included in the program of the Winter Olympic Games.

Track Requirements . The downhill track runs along the natural relief of the slope and contains a series of turns through the guide gates with the inclusion of springboards in separate sections, as a rule, of natural origin (hills, ridges). The track corridor is marked on both sides with bright lines in the snow or small triangular flags. Guiding gates are double poles arranged in pairs with rectangular flags of red and blue color (alternately).

Height difference

Men: 800 to 1100 m

Women: 500 to 800 m

Organization of competitions

Before the start or the first official training, the athletes must be given the opportunity to view the course in full. Before the starts, an official training is held, which is mandatory for the participants.

Downhill skiing is carried out, as a rule, in one race. If the slope does not meet the height difference requirements, then the downhill may consist of two runs. In this case, the height difference cannot be less than 450 m.

All participants, both in training and in competition, must wear protective helmets.

Slalom ( Norwegian slalåm, ski trail on the slope) - downhill skiing along a 450-500 m long track marked with a gate (gate width 3.5-4 m, distance between them from 0.7 to 15 m). The height difference between start and finish is 60-150 m. Skiers develop speeds of up to 40 km/h on the track. During the passage of the track, athletes are required to pass through all the gates; for skipping the gates or crossing them with one ski, athletes are removed from the competition. The result is determined by the sum of the times shown in two descents on two different tracks.

super giant(English Super Giant Slalom or Super G) - a type of competition in alpine skiing and snowboarding.

Occupy an intermediate position between downhill and giant slalom in terms of technique, competition organization and course requirements.

Super-G competitions are held in one run.

Height difference

for men: 400-600 m

for women: 350-600 m

for children: 225-450 m

The width of the course should be about 30 m.

Other requirements. The gate consists of four poles and two flags. The gates are alternately red and blue. The gate width is from 6 to 8 m - the distance between the two nearest inner shafts of open gates and from 8 to 12 m - for closed gates. It is forbidden to put gates along the line of descent. The maximum number of gates with turns must be 10% of the height difference in meters.

Participants have the right to view the track before the start with bibs, sliding along the track, but not passing the gate and not passing certain sections of the track at speed.

giant slalom- a kind of alpine skiing discipline.

Track Requirements

Height difference:

for men from 250 to 450 m

for women from 250 to 400 m

for children - maximum 250 m

At the Olympic Games, World Championships and FIS World Cups, the minimum height difference for men and women is 300m.

The gate consists of four slalom poles and two flags. Gates must be alternately red and blue. Flag panels must be at least 75 cm wide and 50 cm high. The lower edge of the cloth should be at a distance of 1 m from the snow surface. Gate width - from 4 to 8 m. The number of turns should be equal to 11-15% of the height difference. The width of the track should be sufficient, on average about 40 m.

Freestyle

Freestyle ( English Freestyle skiing is a type of skiing, snowboarding. Freestyle includes ski acrobatics, ski cross, mogul. Ski ballet - one of the freestyle disciplines that existed until 1999, was excluded from the programs of official competitions. The ballet consisted of a descent along a gentle slope to musical accompaniment with a demonstration of the elements of sliding, steps, rotations, and jumps.

The program of the Olympic Games in freestyle includes mogul and ski acrobatics and ski cross. Men and women participate in all types of competitions. There are 6 sets of awards in total.

Mogul is a hilly slope. During the passage of the track, each athlete must make two jumps from specially built jumps. The Olympic program includes one qualifying round and one final round, which includes from 16 to 20 athletes. In the final, the winner is the one who receives the highest marks for his performance. The judges evaluate the quality of the processing of bumps on the track, the quality and complexity of the jumps. To the sum of the scores given by the judges, a score for speed is added, determined by a special formula.

Ski acrobatics competition consist of qualification and final. At each stage, athletes perform two jumps from a special springboard. The 12 athletes with the most points in the sum of two jumps go to the final. Points from the qualifying round do not carry over to the final. The judges evaluate each jump in terms of the athlete's technique of taking off the springboard (20%), the jump itself (50%) and landing (30%).

Ski cross competition consist of qualifying and final rounds. In the qualifying round, athletes one by one go through a track about 1000 meters long with turns and obstacles for speed. The 32 athletes who showed the best time are divided into fours in the final round and compete among themselves for reaching the next stage of the competition. The first two athletes continue the competition, the losers are eliminated. Those who advanced to the final run compete for medals.

Freeride ( English freeride - snowboarding or downhill skiing outside of prepared trails and, as a rule, outside the service area of the ski industry. It is believed that it is when skiing on untouched snow that all the possibilities of snowboarding and skiing are most fully revealed. At the same time, freeride skiing promises a lot of dangers associated with unfamiliar terrain, such as the possibility of avalanches. According to a number of experts, beginners in snowboarding and skiing should not rush to go beyond the slopes in the mountains, for this they should already have certain skiing skills. Over the past years, international freeride competitions among professionals and amateurs have been held annually.

Freeride types

Lightweight freeride is the simplest and most popular type of off-piste skiing, the essence of which is to climb a mountain on a lift and then descend along an untouched slope outside of prepared tracks.

Backcountry - climbing mountains that are not equipped with lifts, with a further descent from them on virgin snow. The most common type of freeride, despite the difficulty of climbing to the top of the mountain to start.

Heli-skiing (heliboarding) - throwing skiers (snowboarders) to the top of the mountain using a helicopter. At the same time, this entertainment is expensive, and in some places on our planet heli-skiing is prohibited.

Snowcatskiing (snowketskiing) - throwing skiers (snowboarders) to the top of a mountain with the help of a snowcat - a snowcat with a passenger cabin. At the same time, this entertainment is less expensive than heli-skiing.

Snowmotoboarding - snowboarder riding according to the principle water skiing or wakeboarding, only a motorcycle or a snowmobile is used instead of a boat, and snow is used instead of water.

snowboarding

SNOWBOARDING(English snowboarding, from snow - snow and board - board) - a sport that includes downhill skiing from a mountain slope, performing acrobatic elements on a special track, etc. on a snowboard - a mono-ski with an edging on which leg mounts are installed.

snowboarding and varieties. Snowboarding originated as a natural extension of skiing. (Although snowboarders themselves are reluctant to admit - or not at all - this relationship, considering snowboarding a completely independent sport). Snowboard is somewhat inferior skiing in speed (100 km / h versus 150), but superior in terms of sensation. In addition, the basics of snowboarding techniques are easier to master, and the board is freer to manage.

Unlike skiers, snowboarders (also called “borders” or “riders”) stand on the board not facing, but sideways relative to the direction of travel (borrowed from surfing). Wherein importance has an athlete's stance. In jargon, a snowboarder who rides with his left foot forward is a "regular" (English regular), with his right - "goofy" (goofy).

Competitive disciplines included in snowboarding are divided into timed (slalom) and evaluated (freestyle).

Slalom. Includes different types slalom (Norwegian slalom): single, parallel, giant slalom, super giant and parallel giant, as well as snowboard cross, which was included in the official program in the second half of the 90s. The athlete who completes the course the fastest wins the competition.

Slalom competitions take place on a mountain slope (with a certain height difference and track width) and differ from each other in much the same way as traditional ski disciplines differ from each other. The course of the "regular" slalom is shorter and more sinuous; the giant slalom course can reach 1000 m, while there are fewer control gates on it.

super giant- the fastest of all types of snowboarding: the speed of an athlete on the track reaches 100 km / h. ( short distances require more technical skill from competitors due to the greater number of checkpoints they have to go around, but on longer distances they have to “work” at higher speeds). In parallel slalom, two snowboarders start at the same time on exactly the same parallel tracks and try to get ahead of each other.

Slalom competitions consist of two stages: qualifying and final. Both in the qualification and in the final, the athlete is given one attempt each (in parallel slalom - two each: one on the left, the other on the right track). The final result of the athletes who have passed to the final is displayed according to the total time shown in two attempts.

In parallel slalom the final is held according to the elimination system, in case of a draw, an additional race is assigned. If an athlete commits a false start, fails to stop after the false start is signaled, or interferes with an opponent, he will be disqualified.

snowboardcross(English snowboardcross) - free descent along the track up to 2000 m long (and at least 30 m wide), in which 4-6 people simultaneously take part. Athletes make jumps, turns, overcome obstacles (waves, combs), etc. Snowboardcross competitions are also divided into two stages: qualifying and final - with elimination (superfinal and small final).

For gross technical errors (incorrect passage of the track) and for deliberate delays of the opponent (shocks, strikes, etc.), the athlete is disqualified.

Freestyle(eng. freestyle - lit. free style) as a competitive discipline is trick skating, including jumps, spins, somersaults, grabs, etc. (There are a lot of tricks that snowboarding has in common with skateboarding - and partly with roller skates). Unlike slalom, freestyle is a “subjective” sport. Judges (3-5) give marks for the complexity and technique of performing tricks, the amplitude of the jump, beauty, etc.

Freestyle is divided into several types.

Halfpipe- skiing in a special inclined chute made of dense snow, shaped like a half pipe cut along the length (English half-pipe - half pipe). This chute, which is also called the "halfpipe" (or "pipe"), is in many ways similar to the ramp of skateboarders and rollerbladers. The length of the halfpipe is on average 100 m, the height from the bottom to the upper cut is 3–4 m, and the inclination of the longitudinal axis is 15–20 degrees. The athlete rolls from one end of the pipe to the other, flies out along the radius, performing this or that trick, "lands", flies out from the opposite side of the pipe, etc. Recently, the quarterpipe has also become widespread (from the English quarter - a quarter + pipe, a figure resembling one - but very large - halfpipe wall), at the very end of the 90s, the superpipe became incredibly popular (large halfpipe - in all respects - sizes).

big air ( English big air, lit. large space) - a jump from a special springboard. Includes the following phases: acceleration, jump itself and landing. The jump should be long and spectacular. The amplitude of the jump, the performance of the trick, the cleanliness and clarity of the landing are evaluated.

Slopestyle(English slopestyle, from slope - slope and style - style) - competitions on the track with figures located in two or more rows: passing the track on a particular section, the athlete has the opportunity to choose.

All of the above disciplines are sometimes combined general concept"technical freestyle".

Freeride ( English freeride - lit. free route) - skiing on difficult and unsafe mountain slopes. This is the most extreme of all the varieties of snowboarding, in fact, combines freestyle and slalom. Requires exceptional courage and precise calculation. Only specially invited athletes participate in freeride competitions. The elevation difference on the site is 300–600 m, the average slope is 35–45 degrees. The judges evaluate (on a special scale) the style and technique of the participants, the confidence and "constancy" of the descent, as well as the choice of route. As in slopestyle, successful completion a more difficult route (complexity is determined by the angle of inclination on a particular section, the length of the jump, the complexity of the trick performed, etc.) brings more points. Depending on the nature of the fall on the track, the participant is charged a certain amount of points.

In some classifications, freeride is distinguished as a separate discipline of snowboarding.

In snowboarding, there are also "out-of-competition" varieties. For example, freeride backcountry (eng. backcountry - literally. wilderness): skiing on hard-to-reach, extremely dangerous - and sometimes completely undeveloped - mountain slopes (sometimes snowboarders land on the top from a helicopter, we practice this in Kamchatka), or jibbing (English . jibbing) - skiing in snowboard parks, where special figures for sliding are installed: rails, "tables", etc.

Snowboard(English snowboard, lit. "snow board") - a sports equipment designed for high-speed descent from snow-covered slopes and mountains. A snowboard is a flat structure consisting of sliding surface in contact with snow; bases - a deck on which fastenings for legs are installed; and a metal edging that runs along the edge of the entire projectile and is designed to control the movement of the snowboard using techniques called the general term "edge-turning".

ski jumping

Ski jumping is a sport that includes ski jumping from specially equipped ski jumps. They act as an independent sport, and are also included in the Nordic combined program. They are part of the International Ski Federation (English International Ski Federation, French Fédération Internationale de Ski, FIS).

Olympic Games and World Championships

The program of the Winter Olympic Games (every 4 years) and the World Championships (annually) includes the following three disciplines:

K-120 individual - 120 m springboard, men

K-120 team championship - 120 m springboard, men

K-90 individual championship - 90 m springboard, men. At the World Championships, the program may change (K-90 or K-100 springboard)

The national team includes four athletes.

Jump technique

The technique includes acceleration, leaving the liftoff table, the flight phase and landing. Coordinated execution of all elements, coordination of the body in the air - these are the most important technical elements in the jumper's arsenal.

At the moment of landing, the athlete's legs, previously lying in the same plane, must take a position called "telemark" (informally - "stretching"). In this position, one of the legs is set forward, and the other is laid back; both legs are bent at the knees; the knee of the "back" leg is lowered down; hands are placed above the shoulders. Skis during landing are parallel and as close as possible. To perform such a landing, high coordination of movements and impeccable balance are required. Points are deducted for non-fulfillment of the “stretching” upon landing.

The technique (style) of jumping is evaluated by five judges (the maximum number is 20 points), points for the distance of the jump are added to the judges' scores (according to a special table). The judges aesthetically evaluate the flight phase of the athlete and are especially critical of a competent landing in the "telemark". The judges penalize touching the surface of the landing mountain with any part of the body, unnecessary movements and the fall of the athlete. If a fall or touch occurs behind a special line, then they no longer affect the score. The result of the participant is determined by the sum of the points of two valid attempts.

Nordic combined

Nordic combined(English Nordic Combined) is an Olympic sport. Another name is the northern combination.

Includes the following disciplines: jumping from a 90-meter springboard (2 attempts, points for attempts are summed up) and a 15 km freestyle ski race. For each of these disciplines, there are general rules with minor additions.

The starting position of the participants on the second day of the competition on the ski track is determined by the place taken on the previous day in ski jumping. The winner is the first to go to the distance, the rest are awarded 5 seconds for each point of delay on the springboard (Gundersen system).

In addition to the main type, there is a sprint (one jump and a 7.5 km race) and a relay (two jumps for each participant and a 4x5 km race).

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