What is sports tourism. Tourist-applied all-around as a sport included in the system of sports tourism in the Republic of Belarus. Badalyants Sergey Viktorovich

Chapter 1. Theoretical basis sports tourism organizations

Basic concepts and definitions of sports tourism

Sports Tourism is a kind of sport - competitions in various types of tourism (skiing, water, mountain, speleotourism, etc.).

Sports tourism is a kind of sport based on competitions on routes that include overcoming categorized obstacles in the natural environment (passes, peaks (in mountain tourism), rapids (in water tourism), canyons, caves, etc.), and on distances laid in the natural environment and on artificial terrain.

Sports tourism is a kind of sport for overcoming an extended segment of the earth's surface, called a route. At the same time, the "terrestrial surface" means not only the stone surface of the Earth, but also the water surface, and located under the daytime surface (caves). During the passage of the route, various specific natural obstacles are overcome. For example, mountain peaks and passes (in mountain tourism) or river rapids (in river rafting).

Sports tourism in Russia is a national sport with centuries-old historical traditions, and includes not only a sports component, but also a special spiritual sphere and lifestyle of the wanderers themselves. Non-commercial tourist clubs ("tour clubs") are still the centers for the development of sports tourism, although many tourists are engaged in it independently.

Sports tourism is the preparation and conduct of sports trips with the aim of overcoming the vast expanse of wild nature on skis (ski tourism), by means of rafting (water tourism) or on foot in the mountains (mountain tourism). The sports trip is carried out by an autonomous group of 6-10 people. It happens that travelers do not meet any traces of civilization for a month. To complete the route, one must not only be strong, agile, courageous and stubborn, but also possess a wide range of special knowledge from the technique of overcoming obstacles to human physiology in extreme conditions.

Unlike conventional travel, sports travel includes a set of natural obstacles classified by difficulty. As a rule, in mountain and ski tourism such obstacles are mountain peaks and passes, and in water tourism - river rapids.

The system of sports tourism, created over decades, limits the initiative of travelers to a minimum. Currently, a sports trip can be arranged to anywhere in the world, and everyone can become a team leader, as long as he has experience of participating in a trip of the same category of complexity and experience of leading a trip that is one category easier. The remaining members of the team must have experience of participating in a simpler (one category) trip. In addition to this basic principle, the Rules provide for exceptions to better take into account the actual experience of travelers (for example, mountaineering experience or experience in other types of sports tourism). The master level in sports tourism is associated with the leadership in travel of the highest categories of complexity. Therefore, making two trips a year, a gifted athlete reaches this level in 5-6 years. Sports tourism is not only sports. It allows you to get acquainted with the culture of the peoples living in the travel area, enjoy the contemplation of amazing landscapes, experience the awe of the explorer - the pioneer. Of course, in the era of total aerial photography, it is impossible to make a geographical discovery, but you can still visit places where no human has gone before. Finally, sports tourism is a school of wisdom. This is an accurate calculation of forces, the ability to foresee events and predict the course of processes generated by them.

Formation and development of sports tourism

Sports tourism is a relatively young phenomenon in the domestic history of the development of the tourist movement, which originated at the end of the 19th century. The tourist and sports movement in Russia at that time did not acquire a mass character, remaining the business of a small circle of people. This was due to a number of reasons: economic, psychological, etc. This was also hampered by artificially created restrictions on sports (including tourism). After the establishment of the power of the Bolsheviks in the country, the state began to pay more attention to issues physical culture and sports. The country began to create a system of mass physical education. Parallel to this, there was a process of cutting off pre-existing organizations that did not fit into the new system.

However, at that time, the first tourist organizations began to appear in the country one after another: the Alpine Club in Tbilisi (1877), the Enterprise for Public Travel to All Countries of the World in St. Petersburg (1885), the Crimean Mountain Club in Odessa (1890) with branches in Yalta and Sevastopol (later - the "Crimean-Caucasian Mountain Club"), "Russian Turing Club" (a society of cyclists) in St. Petersburg (1895) with branches in Moscow, Kiev, Riga, etc. In 1901 The Turing Club was transformed into the ROT (Russian Society of Tourists), which became the largest tourist association in the country - by 1914, there were about 5 thousand members in its ranks. By a lucky chance, the Russian Society of Tourists escaped the fate of other bourgeois sports organizations and was not liquidated in the first years of Soviet power. On the contrary, this association was included in the state system of universal physical education. This was partly due to the efforts of people who were involved in the organizational issues of the movement, its formation: N. Krylenko, I. Tamm, A. Frumkin, V. Nemytsky, etc. . But ROT did not become the only organization that united participants in the tourist movement in the country. Tourist groups were created on the basis of the excursion organizations of the People's Commissariat of Education, the NKVD (People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs), the Supreme Economic Council (Supreme Council of the National Economy), at the regional executive committees and other state institutions. Back in 1918, the first Soviet tourist organization, the Bureau of School Tours of the Narkompros, was created under the People's Commissariat of Education, and in 1920, the "joint lecture and excursion bureau" - the prototype of modern tourist and excursion institutions.

The 20th century in the history of the development of sports tourism is characterized by three main periods: pre-war, pre-war, post-war.

In the pre-war period, two independent directions emerged in the development of tourism (tourist-excursion and amateur). The first direction came under the jurisdiction of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions, where the Central Tourist and Excursion Administration was created, and the second under the jurisdiction of the All-Union Committee for Physical Culture and Sports, where the All-Union Tourism Section was created. In 1929, the ROT was renamed the OPT, which set itself the following tasks: acquaintance with the country for the purpose of self-education; development of moral and physical qualities; better use of leisure opportunities; as well as providing assistance to backward peoples in the development of cultural heritage; carrying out research work to identify the natural wealth of the country. In its work, the OPT relied on cells in institutions, industrial enterprises, state farms and collective farms; There were district and regional PNT branches in all the republics. Routes were developed, methodical literature was published. In 1930, by a decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, the All-Union Voluntary Society for Proletarian Tourism and Excursions (OPTE) was created on the basis of the OPT and JSC (Joint Stock Company) "Soviet Tourist". OPTE carried out a lot of work to involve the population in hiking and excursions, to develop a network of tourist centers and routes. At the same time, tourism among schoolchildren has gained wide scope. In 1932, a central children's excursion and tourist station was created, after which similar stations began to be created in all republics and major cities. The created network of youth tourism stations is still operating, the number of which is more than 400, and the annual number of participants organized by these institutions is about 1.6 million participants. Tourism sections began to be created in DSOs and physical education teams. On March 26, 1939, the Sports Committee introduced the “USSR Tourist” badge, and in 1940 the title of tourism instructor was established. When in 1936 the titles “Master of Sports” and “Honored Master of Sports” were established for athletes, a tourist appeared among the Honored Masters: N.M. Gubanov. In the same year, by a decree of the Central Election Commission of the USSR, the management of work in the field of tourism was entrusted to the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions. At that time, the tourist movement within the country acquired a mass character: 500 thousand people were already engaged in tourist clubs and cells, against 5 thousand in 1914. Tourism has become a common form of recreation for hundreds of thousands of people. At the same time, there were still many problems, among which the underdevelopment of the material and technical base stood out. But, despite this, the tourist movement, thanks primarily to the enthusiasm of individuals, continued to grow and strengthen. In 1940, several thousand tourist sections operated at enterprises and educational institutions, 165 tourist bases and camps were created. Since January 1, 1940, tourism has been included in the GTO complex (“Ready for Labor and Defense” - a program of physical education in general education, professional and sports organizations).

In the prewar period, almost 3 million people took part in amateur campaigns - long-distance and weekend trips. The war interrupted the activities of tourist organizations. It took many years to reach pre-war levels. The increase in tourists united in tourist sections and clubs by complex sports trips required streamlining the training system based on uniform regulatory requirements.

After the end of the Great Patriotic War, the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions and the Central Committee of the Komsomol (Central Committee of the All-Union Leninist Communist Youth Union) undertook large-scale actions to develop tourism in the country. Already in 1945, the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions made the appropriate decision. In the difficult post-war period, funds are allocated for the restoration and construction of new camp sites and camps. The creation of tourist clubs has received a special scope. They became the centers of consultations on the passage of sports routes, the place of work of the route-qualification commissions for types of tourism, they were the organizers of sports tourism. Sports tourism was first introduced into the Unified Sports Classification in 1949. This entailed the development of route and qualification (later route-qualification) commissions, the development of a classification of hiking trips.

Schools of tourism instructors began to operate in the 1950s. Since the mid-50s, the rapid development of amateur tourism and its highest manifestation - sports tourism began. In 1957, more than 50 tourist clubs operated in the country, while before the war there was only one in Rostov-on-Don. Tourism has become really massive.

In 1962, by decision of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions, TEU (Tourist and Excursion Administration) were transformed into TsSTE, republican and regional councils, under whose jurisdiction amateur tourism was completely transferred. Sections and commissions on types of tourism began to work under the TSTE and local councils, and regional and city tourist clubs were created. Starting from 1965, category requirements began to function, including the award of categories and titles up to the title of Master of Sports for performing sports trips of the 5th category of complexity. (Resolution of the Presidium of the Central Council of the Union of Sports Societies and Organizations of the USSR. Protocol "4 of March 19, 1965").

Since 1970, all-Union competitions for the best tourist trip have been organized annually. Tourist trips were included in the TRP physical culture and sports complex. Since 1971, All-Union, republican, regional competitions for the best tourist trip have been held, which since 1981 have been transformed into Championships of the USSR, republics, etc. (Resolution of the TsSTE, protocol No. 16 b p. 5 of May 22, 1980, agreed with the Committee on Physical Culture and Sports under the Council of Ministers of the USSR). By the Decree of the Committee for Physical Culture and Sports of August 22, 1980, protocol No. 6, the winners of the USSR championships are awarded with gold, silver and bronze medals of the II degree. 100-150 teams participated in all-Union competitions and championships annually. In 1976, the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions decided to create a single public tourism body - the TsSTE Tourism Federation and the formation of relevant local federations. S.V. was elected Chairman of the Federation. Zhuravlev - deputy. chairman of the All-Union Council of the DSO Trade Unions.

In 1985, the Federation began to be called the All-Union Federation, and the local federations - republican, regional and regional. A well-known tourist, Honored Master of Sports V.D. became the Chairman of the Federation. Tikhomirov. By the end of the 80s, 950 regional, city tourist clubs were created in the system of tourism councils, uniting thousands of public activists. Tourist sections and clubs worked in tens of thousands of physical education teams, which covered up to 10 million people with competitions and sports trips. More than 500,000 instructors, trek leaders, and competition judges have been trained at various levels of seminars, schools, and camps. More than 200 thousand sports tourists (about 20 thousand tourist groups) annually participated in sports trips.

At the turn of the 1980s and 1990s, more than 40 thousand public commissions operated on the territory of the former USSR, in which about 700 thousand tourists participated. In 1990, the title of master of sports was awarded to 124 tourists, 1-3 category - to 80 thousand tourists, and the "USSR tourist" badge was awarded to 250 thousand tourists.

In 1992, after the collapse of the USSR, the International Tourism and Sports Union was created, and in 2002 the International Sports Tourism Federation was established, uniting tourists from the CIS and Baltic countries. The Tourist and Sports Union and the Federation of Sports Tourism of Russia began to work under the State Sports Committee of Russia. ZMS (Honored Master of Sports) I.E. became the president. Vostokov.

Since 1994, the category requirements for sports tourism have included the awarding of the title of Master of Sports of international class for performing sports trips of the 6th category of complexity, corresponding to world achievements, and also includes competitions in tourist all-around, which were previously called competitions in tourism technology. The parent organization is a public organization - the Tourist and Sports Union of Russia (Federation of Sports Tourism). Abbreviated as TSSR.

Beginning in 1998, ST passed the critical point of its downfall; there are positive trends in its development. This became possible thanks to the organizational, methodological and financial support from the state committees for physical culture, sports and tourism, the efforts of the public tourism asset and, most importantly, the desire of the socially unprotected segments of the population themselves to solve the problem of their recreation and healthy lifestyle in a difficult city ​​situations. Against this background, a steady process of creating full-time departments involved in the development of sports tourism is underway in the territorial state committees.

In Russia, in terms of the number of people involved, sports tourism is among the top ten places among all sports. In 2008, according to the official statistics of the Ministry of Sports and Tourism, this is more than 340 thousand athletes, and taking into account the mass physical culture movement, which includes children's and youth sports and health tourism - more than 3 million people.

Today, sports tourism, in modern society, manifests itself as one of the most important types of tourism activities, which for many people is an integral component of life, an effective means of restoring physical and mental health, as well as necessary condition fun way to spend your free time. This is a whole social movement, the most important goal of which is the formation of a healthy lifestyle for each individual and society as a whole.

But at the same time, since 2009, there has been a tendency to misunderstand the importance of this movement. A number of problems have accumulated that lead to a decrease in the status of sports tourism, the destruction of the movement and the sport, and a decrease in security, which does not correspond to the national interests of the country. There is a tendency to ignore and neglect the opinion of public sports organizations. It takes years to approve norms - rules and discharge requirements and other documents. There is a fear of the responsibility of officials and distrust of the public, which blocks decisions, the adoption of regulatory documents and the development of this sport. Over the past three years, the category requirements for sports tourism in the basic group of disciplines "route" for performing sports routes (hikes) have not been approved, the titles of Master of Sports and Master of Sports of international class have been eliminated, even youth categories are not assigned. All this leads to a decrease in safety and an increase in injuries on the routes due to a decrease in traffic controllability, since the lack of proper incentives leads to an increase in the number of unorganized "wild", unregistered groups that do not comply with the strict safety requirements of the competition rules. Decreased motivation affects both participants and coaches. Athletes with sports titles have always been an example and a driving force in the education of young people. This position contradicts the main directions of national policy set by the President of the Russian Federation D.A. Medvedev to raise mass sports, improve health and social support for the population, causing a great negative public response. State support for tourist sports organizations is insufficient. There is practically no funding for competitions and other tourist events. As before, there is a trend of development at one's own expense.

Given the above, we can conclude that ST is a nationwide sport in Russia, reflecting national traditions. There are three main periods in the history of the emergence of sports tourism in Russia - pre-war, pre-war and post-war. Considering these periods, there is a certain trend in the development of sports tourism: wide use sports and tourism industry - the transition from a professional approach to sports and tourism activities to an amateur one - large-scale actions to develop this tourism in the country.

Sports tourism is not only sports. It allows you to get acquainted with the culture of the peoples living in the travel area, enjoy the contemplation of amazing landscapes, and experience the thrill of a pioneer explorer. As for the direct development of this type of tourism, a number of certain trends can be traced here. If in the 90s sports tourism was mainly developed with the help of state funds, then in modern times, instead of state funds, commercial ones have become - i.e. development at your own expense. As a result, public funding has been reduced to a minimum. In addition to budget cuts, the number of those involved in sports tourism has sharply decreased, there is a noticeable democratization of relations between man, the state and nature, the disappearance of some and the emergence of other prohibitions and restrictions. Also quite an important trend is the problem of emasculation of the main essence of sports tourism - its natural habitat. There are events that can hardly be called touristic. The legislative and regulatory framework, which is the basis for the implementation of state policy in the field of socially oriented sports tourism, does not currently guarantee its development. There is a tendency to misunderstand the importance of the tourist and sports movement, mainly on the part of the authorities. However, recently there have been positive trends in its development, in the territorial state committees there is a steady process of creating full-time units involved in the development of this tourism.

Types of sports tours

The purpose of sports tours is adventure, overcoming difficulties. Active tours are divided by means of transportation.

Allocate hiking, skiing, water (rafting on kayaks, wooden or inflatable rafts - rafts, catamarans, boats, yachts, etc.), horse riding, cycling. Speleotourism is also distinguished separately - visiting caves, mountaineering - climbing mountain peaks. In Russia, mountain tourism is distinguished separately - hiking in the mountains in order to overcome a certain number of mountain passes. Stationary sports tourism - different kinds recreation at sea (diving, surfing, yachting, water skiing etc.) and in the mountains (skiing, sledding, snowboarding, para - and hang gliding, etc.).

Types of sports tourism

By type of movement are distinguished:

Automototourism - travel (hiking) along the chosen route on cars and motorcycles for personal use;

Bicycle tourism (bicycle tourism) is one of the types of tourism in which the bicycle is the main or only means of transportation. The concept of "bicycle tourism" is ambiguous and refers to both one of the types of outdoor activities and a variety of sports tourism;

Water tourism is one of the types of sports tourism, which consists in overcoming the route along the water surface. There are several types of water tourism: river rafting, rafting, sailing tourism, sea kayaking;

Sailing tourism - travel along inland waterways and in the coastal waters of the seas and oceans on sailing ships;

Equestrian tourism (horse tourism) - travel on horseback or in carriages. One of the types of sports tourism, which consists in the passage on a horse of routes containing obstacles specific for equestrian tourism (passes, forests, rivers);

Ski tourism - movement on the route is carried out mainly on skis. Tourist skis are used to overcome natural obstacles;

Motorcycle tourism;

Hiking - movement on the route is carried out mainly on foot. The main goal is to overcome the route on foot by the group along the slightly rugged terrain;

Mountain tourism - hiking in high mountains;

Speleotourism is a kind of sports tourism, the meaning is to travel through natural underground cavities (caves) and overcome various obstacles in them (siphons, wells) using various special equipment (scuba gear, carabiners, ropes, hooks, individual safety systems, etc.). The opening of new speleotourist routes is associated with the study of caves - speleology.;

Combined tourism is a type of competition in sports tourism, which consists in passing an extremely oriented distance, combining several types of tourism, and practicing rescue, life support and survival in the natural environment.

According to age and social characteristics, sports tourism is divided into:

Children's tourism;

youth tourism;

adult tourism;

Family tourism;

Tourism for people with disabilities.

IN last years the following areas of sports tourism have been actively developed: travel (including solo travel); extreme tourism; distance discipline; distance discipline indoors on artificial terrain; short routes in the class of sports trips.

Forms and activities:

organization of sports trips and trips;

Carrying out sports and scientific expeditions;

holding championships and competitions, including international ones;

holding sports schools training of personnel - instructors and guides for sports tourism;

commercial sports tourism;

organization of fairs, rallies, tours;

· maintenance of data banks of collective members, novelties of tourist equipment, routes, passes, peaks and other technically difficult obstacles;

· activity on the account and assignment of sports, instructor and judicial ranks;

organization of youth and family tourism.

Lecture 14. Tourist-applied all-around as a sport included in the system of sports tourism in the Republic of Belarus.

Questions discussed at the lecture.

1. Prerequisites for the creation of the sport "Tourist-applied all-around".
2. The content of competitions in tourist-applied all-around and types of all-around distances.
3. The concept of technical complexity of distances and stages of tourist-applied all-around.

Tourist-applied all-around (TPM) is one of the two sports included in the system of sports tourism in the Republic of Belarus, which has its own Competition Rules and category requirements established by the Unified Sports Classification of the Republic of Belarus. TPM competitions are, first of all, competitions in the mastery of various tourist equipment and tactics. SST distances act as a kind of model of the route of a tourist-sports trip, and the technical stages of SST are models of individual classified sections of the route. With a certain degree of assumption, we can say that SST competitions are competitions in the technique and tactics of overcoming obstacles (technical stages) characteristic of sports tourism. As in the case of sports tourism, where trips are divided into hiking (mountain-walking), skiing, water and cycling according to the method of movement, TPM competitions are carried out in the technique of mountain-walking, skiing, water and cycling tourism.

1. Prerequisites for the creation of the sport "Tourist-applied all-around"

(Short story occurrence of TPM).

The forerunners of TPM competitions, as an independent sport, are undoubtedly tourist rallies and competitions in the technique of types of tourism.

What are tourist rallies in terms of their content and program? Tourist rallies are quite specific, diverse tourist events. Holding rallies of various scales (republican, regional, district, rallies of individual organizations, interuniversity rallies, etc.) has been practiced since the times of the USSR to the present. For example, the 1st All-Union Gathering of Tourists was held in North Ossetia (Caucasus) in 1981.

Although many tourists understand the concepts of "tourist rally" and "tourist competitions" in the same way, there are significant differences between them. The main goals and objectives of the bulk of tourist rallies are promotion of tourism, and promotion of a healthy lifestyle among the general population; communication and exchange of tourist experience (Kodysh et al., 1984). Tourist competitions are only an integral (albeit the most important) part of the rally program (albeit the most significant). The traditional "credit" program of the tourist rally is complex and includes at least two sections: the program of sports competitions and the so-called. competitive program. Thus, in addition to competitions in tourist equipment, sports games, competitions of tourist songs, photographs, etc. are widely practiced at rallies. An important component of the rallies program are various cultural and mass (educational) events.

The following competitions are usually included in the tourist and sports program of rallies. Firstly, these are terrain orienteering competitions (usually participants overcome the distance of orienteering in a given direction or orienteering by choice, including night orienteering distances). Secondly, an obligatory component of tourist and sports competitions is overcoming the obstacle course of mountain-pedestrian equipment (obstacles specific to mountain-pedestrian tourism), as well as the distance of water and bicycle tourism equipment. The complexity of these competitions, from a sports point of view, depends on the scale of the rally. For example, at tourist rallies of a republican scale, the emphasis is on the tourist and sports part of the program, and the rally distances can be equated from a technical point of view with the distances of the SST of the fourth class of complexity (see section 3 of this lecture below). At smaller scale tourist rallies, as we have already noted above, the goal is primarily to promote tourism as a means of improving the health and active recreation of the broad masses of working people and young students (and not the goal of sports improvement). Therefore, the sports and tourist distances of these rallies are not difficult from a sports point of view.

In no way belittling the propaganda and educational significance of the rallies, it should be recognized that they are indirectly related to sports as such. Competitions within the framework of rallies are held without definite, unified rules, at relatively easy tourist distances. The rules of the competition within the framework of the tourist rally are stipulated by the “conditions” for holding this particular rally and vary from rally to rally (they are not unshakable). Participation in these competitions is not associated with the assignment of sports categories and titles to tourists.

What was the competition in tourism technique? If the main goal of tourist rallies is still the promotion of tourism, then the main goal competitions in tourism technique was nevertheless sports improvement in the technique and tactics of sports tourism. Competitions in the technique of types of tourism originated in the 70s of the last century in the USSR and were offered at the beginning as an effective way of special training for sports trips. It was noted that, “In tourist competitions, it is important not only not so much to win a victory, how much to test technical and tactical training, general physical and special fitness, to test new types of equipment in conditions as close as possible to marching ones ”(Kodysh et al., 1984). Competitions were held on the technique of hiking, mountain, water, bicycle, ski tourism and soon gained recognition in the tourist environment. There were prerequisites for the transition from competitions, as a type of special training, to the formation of an independent sport.

Competition in any sport is a game according to predetermined, certain rules. Therefore, in the USSR, temporary Rules for tourist competitions for certain types of tourism were developed, approved by the Central Council for Tourism and Excursions and the USSR Tourism Federation. The rules established four classes of competitions in increasing complexity. It was in these rules that the main content of the competitions of tourists was fixed - overcoming distances of tourist equipment. At the same time, until the 90s, a unified approach and unified rules for competitions in the technique of various types of tourism were not developed.

What distances were overcome by tourists in competitions in the technique of types of tourism? Competitions on the technique of hiking were to overcome the long cross-country distances with a set of natural obstacles (stages) and compactly located on the ground obstacle course. The movement of the team along the distance of the cross-travel was close to the conditions of the campaign (movement along the route with a load and overcoming natural obstacles). The distance of the obstacle course revealed, first of all, the technical preparedness of the team. It was intended to be spectacular, dynamic, and was usually overcome without a control load. Typical technical stages and sections at the distances of these competitions were: overcoming mountain slopes (models of mountain slopes); crossings over water obstacles, various types of transportation of the “victim”, etc.

Competitions in the technique of mountain tourism of the highest fourth class were held at three distances: rocky, snow-ice, and distance overcoming a water barrier. Rocky distances consisted in overcoming a rocky slope of various steepness and length by the team (class 4 distance - steepness 55-60 °, length up to 100m) using a variety of movement and insurance techniques. On the ice distance, respectively, the team overcame ice slopes, and on the distance of overcoming water obstacles, the teams demonstrated the technique and tactics of guiding various crossings (wade, over water). Competitions in the technique of ski tourism were held at two distances: tourists overcame a long ski route And obstacle course characteristic of ski trips.

Thus, in competitions in the technique of various types of tourism there was no single structure (despite the applied principle of overcoming the distances of tourist technique), there were no single Rules and, accordingly, a single method for classifying distances and determining the results of competitions. All this did not allow until the 90s competitions in the technique of types of tourism to be transformed into separate view sports with their own rank requirements, although the prerequisites for such a transformation have already been created.

In the 90s of the last century, the desire to hold face-to-face tourist competitions according to a single principle and with uniform Competition Rules was finally realized. "Born" in the Republic of Belarus the new kind sports - tourist-applied all-around. The merit in its appearance, first of all, belongs to the master of sports in mountain and ski tourism, multiple winner and prize-winner of the All-Union competitions in sports tourism Vladimir Ilyich Ganopolsky, who is the author and developer of the current Rules for competitions in SST.

What is the content of competitions in tourist-applied all-around? TPM competitions, in the technique of various types of tourism, consist in overcoming distances that require tourists to own all the components of tourist equipment, as well as solving a set of tactical tasks in these components. At the same time, the components of tourist equipment mean the varieties of tourist equipment already known to you: the technique of movement and insurance on natural obstacles; orienteering technique, bivouac technique and search and rescue operations. The definitions of the key concepts of tourist competitions "distance" and "technical stage" were presented by us earlier (in the lecture "Educational and control competitions in tourist equipment: the content of the competition and the principles of distance planning"). They apply equally to TPM competitions. So, SST distance is a route planned on the ground and equipped for SST competitions or a system of routes for the movement of teams and participants with established technical stages or sections. This route (route system) for the movement of teams and participants is indicated on local obstacles (natural terrain, artificial structures) or plotted in one volume or another on a map of the area. Technical etap – the main element of the distance at which the competing participants perform a technical and tactical task determined by the conditions of the competition.

The composition of the distances of the tourist-applied all-around is the same for the competitions in the technique of all four types of tourism. In TPM competitions, teams overcome three types of distances: long distance, short distance And search and rescue distance(TPSR). Depending on the scale of the TPM competition, teams cover a different set of distances. At competitions in the masters class (the level of the championship of Belarus), teams compete at all three distances. At competitions of the highest category (level of the championship of the city, region), teams compete in two distances (long and short). Finally, in novice competitions, teams cover one distance intermediate in length and number of technical stages between the long and short distances.

All TPM competitions are held as personal-team. Starting from the fourth group of competitions (see below), in addition to team distances, participants overcome two personal distances - long and short. Based on the results shown by the participants at these personal distances, the winners of the competitions in the individual championship are determined. In addition, the results shown by team members in personal distances (average score) are taken into account when determining the place of the team in the team standings. Competitions of the V group (class "beginners") are held at one individual-team distance. The winners of the individual championship are determined by the results of the participants' overcoming of individual individual technical stages of such a combined distance.

What is a long distance tourist-applied all-around? Long distance TPM- these are hiking, skiing, water-tourist or cycling long routes (up to 12 km on the ground in competitions in the technique of mountain-walking and ski tourism), containing a set of technical stages. The long distance is a kind of model of the route of the hike, and its technical stages, in turn, model the natural obstacles that are typical for this type of sports hike. At this distance, the level of skill of athletes is assessed, first of all, in the following components of tourist equipment and tactics:

· In the technique and tactics of orienteering on the ground;

· In the technique and tactics of movement along the elements of the natural terrain and along natural obstacles identified as technical stages;

· In the technique and tactics of organizing team insurance and self-insurance when overcoming natural obstacles;

· In the technique and tactics of transporting the "injured" on various elements of the relief.

In the technique of a tourist bivouac.

In accordance with the evaluated components of the long-distance technique, a number of technical stages are established. The following stages are typical for STM competitions in the technique of mountain hiking: overcoming the slope with insurance (ascent, traverse, descent); crossing the river with the organization of insurance (fording, on luggage, hinged), orientation in the area (in azimuth, in a given direction, along a given line), transportation of the “victim” along various relief elements and various means (on a knitted stretcher, along a slope with an attendant, etc.) and a number of others.

In STI competitions in the technique of ski tourism, the above technical stages of overcoming the slope, crossings, transporting the “injured” are also present in one volume or another. A characteristic stage for assessing the technique of orienteering in winter conditions is the stage of orienteering on a marked track. Of course, the technical stages of skiing are also characteristic of competitions in ski-tourism technique: various types of skiing up and down the slope, skiing over difficult forest areas, “tracking” the ski track in deep snow, etc. With the essence of the above technical stages, you should get to know practical exercises on the subject "Tourism" and "Sports and pedagogical improvement". The idea of ​​the tourism technique used at these technical stages is also given in the materials of the methodological classes “Technique for overcoming natural obstacles”, “ Technique orientation on the ground.

What is a short distance tourist-applied all-around? A short distance is the distance of hiking, skiing and other equipment. It does not imply the movement of the team and participants along any extended route on the ground, but consists in overcoming the natural local obstacles with the teams fulfilling the technical and tactical actions specified by the conditions of the competition. In SST competitions in the technique of mountain hiking and ski tourism, a short distance is, first of all, overcoming by teams and participants of local sections of slopes of varying complexity and with different types of coverage: clay, rock, snow, etc. Accordingly, a short distance is not divided into separate technical stages (with a separate assessment for overcoming them) and is a single one.

At a short distance SST in the technique of mountain-walking and ski tourism, the emphasis is on the evaluation of two components of the tourist technique: techniques for moving over natural obstacles; insurance technology. A characteristic short distance at competitions in the technique of mountain hiking consists in overcoming the slopes (ascent-traverse-descent) with the organization of insurance. At competitions in the technique of ski tourism, the same ascent-traverse-descent distance is overcome partly in the technique of walking and partly on skis (but again with the organization of insurance in the areas indicated by the conditions of the competition). In addition, at TPM competitions of the highest ranks and masters, at short distances can be evaluated and technique of transporting the "victim" on the slope(on a knitted stretcher, on an accompanying participant, etc.).

What is a search and rescue distance? The TPSR distance has a certain extent on the ground (usually less than the length of the long distance) and is divided into separate technical stages. The selected technical stages of the TPSR distance are designed to assess the level of skill of athletes, first of all, in the following components of tourist equipment and tactics:

· Technique and tactics of search operations (orientation technique, including night orientation).

· Technique of providing first (pre-medical) aid to the “injured”.

· Technique and tactics of transporting the “victim” on various elements of the terrain, along natural obstacles (slopes, crossing water obstacles).

The following stages of the TPSR distance are typical for competitions in TPM in the technique of mountain-pedestrian and ski tourism: night orientation in a given direction, diagnosis of the injury of the “victim” and providing him with first aid, stages of various techniques for transporting the “victim”.

How is the level (scale) of competitions indicated in tourist-applied all-around events? The scale of the TPM competition is indicated by the so-called. group competitions. TPM competitions are held in five groups: Group V - "novice class" competitions; IVB group - competitions of the class of mass categories; IVА group - competitions of the class of the highest ranks; III group - competitions in the class of masters (championships, cups of the Republic of Belarus); II and I groups - international competitions with the participation of teams from a different number of states. Competitions of the V group are held at one individual-team distance. Group IV competitions are held within the framework of biathlon - at short and long distances, and both personal and team distances are established. Starting from group III (the level of the championship of the Republic of Belarus), competitions are held within the framework of triathlon: at a short and long distance (individual and team) and at a distance of TPSR (team).

1. The concept of technical complexity of distances and stages of tourist-applied all-around.

As we pointed out above, SST competitions are, first of all, competitions in the mastery of the technique and tactics of tourism. The larger the scale of the competition, the more difficult distances athletes overcome. At competitions in TPM I, II, III groups, the most difficult distances are established (in relation to the technical, tactical and physical complexity of overcoming them); at the competitions of the V group - the least difficult. At the same time, the level of complexity of distances (stages) of SST is determined by the concept of " distance class (stage).

What characteristics of distances and stages determine their class? In total, the TPM rules establish five classes of distance difficulty. Class V distance is the least difficult; Class I distance is the most difficult. In turn, the class of distances is determined, Firstly, the natural complexity of the natural obstacles on the ground overcome by the teams and participants. For example, it depends on the steepness of the slope being climbed and the difficulty of climbing in the "climbing" phase; on the speed of the current, depth, width of the rivers to be overcome at the stage of "crossing a water obstacle"; from the presence or absence of obvious landmarks that specify the location of the control point (“bindings”) at the “orientation in a given direction” stage, etc. Secondly, the class of distances is determined by the complexity of the technical and tactical tasks assigned to the participants of the competition. For example, the same slope, according to the conditions of the competition, teams can overcome using technical and tactical methods and means that are different in purpose and complexity: overcome the slope with self-insurance; with team insurance; with team insurance and transportation of the “injured”, etc. We emphasize that basically the class of the distance as a whole is determined by the class (read, complexity) of the technical stages (sections) established on it, forming a logical combination.

What quantitative indicator evaluates the complexity (class) of distances and stages of SST? The principles of quantitative assessment of the technical-tactical and physical complexity of distances and stages of different classes are described in more detail in the materials of the methodological lesson “Peculiarities of planning and classifying technical stages and distances of competitions in tourist-applied all-around”. Here we only note that the quantitative assessment of the complexity of distances and stages is determined by the so-called total difficulty indicator(SPS), expressed in points. The TPM rules establish that the basis for scoring distances (stages) of various complexity classes is a scale expressed in Fibonacci sequence numbers: 5, 8, 13, 21, 34 (respectively for distance (stage) classes V, IV, III, II, I). These scores are taken as the initial ones for classifying the distance (stage) by expert judges, and each of them has its own, increasing range of variation, which makes it possible to give the final score in the form:

5 ± 1 (V class); 8 ± 2 (class IV); 13 ± 3 (III class); 21 ± 5 (II class); 34 ± 8 (I class).

We can say that the Fibonacci numbers themselves determine the estimates of standard (reference) distances and stages of the corresponding complexity classes. These are the initial scores that expert judges are guided by when planning the distance and technical stages. Using the established range of their variation, they give their final scores higher or lower than the reference ones, depending on the specific characteristics of the obstacles, weather conditions and the technical and tactical actions proposed by the participants.

What is the complexity of the distance and technical stages set at the competitions in TPM of different groups? The rules for holding TPM competitions prescribe that in group III competitions (master class) at least two distances must be at least class II; it is allowed that one of the three distances can be class III and (or) one distance - I class of complexity. In group IV competitions for subgroup “A”, both distances must be at least class III (one can be class II). For subgroup "B" both distances are class IV. Competitions of the V group (novice class) are held at one distance of the V class.

To illustrate the above provisions on the level of complexity of the distances depending on the group of competitions, we will give specific examples (content) of the distances of the V and IV class SST distances in the technique of mountain hiking. Thus, the length of the distance of the V group, staged at the championship of the Belarusian State University of Physical Culture (2005), was 6 km. Team members overcame the following stages in individual technique: "Crossing a dry canyon on a rope with a railing (parallel railing)", "Climbing a slope (ascent-traverse-descent) with self-belay on a railing", "azimuth orientation". At the same time, at the first two stages, the participants were evaluated by the individual technique of movement over natural obstacles and the technique of self-insurance on vertical and horizontal railings (the railings were set by the judges of the competition). At the third stage, the individual movement technique in azimuth was evaluated. The distance also included the following stages of team technique: "Hinged crossing over the stream" (along the judge's ropes, with the team organization of insurance for the first participant crossing the stream and the organization of escorting the participants crossing the railing with the main rope); “transportation of the “injured” on a knitted stretcher”, “orientation along a given line”. The technical complexity of these stages did not go beyond the initial tourist training of students received by them in the process of studying the course "Tourism".

As an example of a distance of IV A class, we will give some parameters of the team long distance at the Championship of Minsk in TPM in the technique of mountain and pedestrian tourism in 2007. (head of the distance - master of sports Chelyadinsky R.N.). The length of the distance was about 10 km. The following stages in the technique of crossings were established at the distance: “Hinged crossing through a dry canyon”, “Hinged crossing through a dry canyon with transportation of the victim on a knitted stretcher”, “Crossing a water obstacle along a log”, “Overcoming a wetland area along a gati”. In addition, the distance included the stages of orientation in a given direction and orientation along a specified line, as well as the stage of transporting the victim on a knitted stretcher over rough terrain. All actions for setting up rope railings and organizing insurance at the stages, knitting a stretcher for the victim, etc., were carried out by the teams themselves overcoming the distance, they also determined the tactics of overcoming the distance. In this case, the content of the distance required already a fairly high level of qualification of athletes (competitions of the highest class).

How is the rank of TPM competition determined? The qualification of athletes is determined by the categories and sports titles assigned to them. Moreover, the ranks and titles are assigned based on the results of performance in competitions and the fulfillment of the rank requirements established in the Unified sports classification Republic of Belarus (ESK RB). The key concept for fulfilling discharge requirements is qualifying rank competitions.

The qualification rank of the TPM competition is determined in points (not to be confused with the scores of the competition results!) and directly depends on the sports qualification of the participants in the competition. So the rank of the team competition is determined as the average value of the sum of the qualifying points of the team members who took the first three places. The qualification rank of the individual competition is determined as the average value of the qualification points of the participants who took the first 10 places, multiplied by six (in terms of a standard TPM team of six people). In this case, the qualifying points of the participants are as follows:

Ranks and ranks: MSRB KMS I p. II p. III p. (I junior) without category

Qualification points 100 40 20 5 2 0.5

The ranks and titles in the TPM are assigned in accordance with the current ESC of the Republic of Belarus, based on the results of the team and individual championships in specific competitions. At the same time, the ESC determines, depending on the rank of the competition, the result (in points) necessary to assign a particular category. For example, in the annex to the competitions of the V group, the necessary results of the participants for assigning them the third, second ranks are presented in table 1.

Table 1.

Requirements for the performance of mass categories in the individual championship of TPM competitions.

Competition rank (points)	The results of the participants are necessary to complete the sports category. (% of ATP values* distances)
	II category	III category

* - SPS - the total indicator of the complexity of the distance.

Literature on the topic of the lecture.

1. Ganopolsky V.I. Lessons of tourism / Handbook for teachers. - Minsk: NMTsentr, 1998. - 216 p. – (Tourism at school).

1. Kodysh E.M. Tourist rallies and competitions.- M., Profizdat, 1984.-111.
2. Kodysh E.N. Competitions of tourists: Pedestrian tourism, M.: FiS 1990 - 175 p.
3. Konstantinov Yu.S. Tourist rallies and student competitions. M.: TsDYUTiK, 2003. - 228p.
4. Tourist-applied all-around /Competition rules. - Minsk: Belprint, 1988. - 96s.
5. Unified sports classification of the Republic of Belarus (2001-2004). - Minsk: Publishing House "Four Quarters", 2001. - 333 p.

Sports tourism is sports travel in the natural environment, associated with overcoming various obstacles in the wild along a certain route: for mountain tourism - passes and peaks; for water tourism - river rapids, canyons, etc. Unlike ordinary travel, the natural obstacles to be overcome in sports tourism are classified into categories of difficulty. For example, climbing a specific mountain peak is evaluated not as moving from point A to point B, but as overcoming a route of a certain category of difficulty. When passing difficult routes, not only the sports, but also the spiritual component of the journey is important. But it is also not enough to be only strong and brave - the members of the group (usually a group of 6-10 people are recruited) must have special knowledge of survival in extreme conditions. Sports categories are assigned to the participants of the trip by the route-qualification commission after passing the route, on the basis of the report submitted to it. All sports trips and competitions are subject to the rules approved by the Tourist and Sports Union - the main governing body. Sports tourism differs by type of movement (pedestrian, skiing, automobile, cycling, water, sailing, equestrian, etc.) and by age (children, youth, adults).

A tourist-sports competition is the movement of a person alone or as part of a group in the natural environment on any technical means and without them. "TSS" are held in two groups of disciplines: 1. "Routes" - directly hikes and sports tours (according to the category of difficulty); 2. "Distances" - the former "tourist all-around" - depending on the complexity of the stages, they are divided into classes from 1 to 6. The distance class conditionally corresponds to the complexity category of the corresponding trip. An example of such competitions can be Competitions are usually held separately for each type of tourism. It is allowed to conduct competitions at combined distances.

Types of sports tourism: hiking, ski tourism, mountain tourism, water tourism, caving tourism, sailing tourism, combined tourism, tourism for people with disabilities, children, youth, families, adults.

In recent years, the following areas of sports tourism have been actively developed: travel, extreme tourism, distance discipline, short routes in the class of sports trips, adventure tourism, horseback riding, hitchhiking and even sex tourism.

Sex tourism- travel to satisfy sexual needs. It stands out 1) female sex tourism 2) male sex tourism. Cultivated on the islands of the Caribbean Sea. This type rest is the lot, as a rule, of single or unhappy in family life women who have stepped over the “Balzac age”. In Barbados, this phenomenon is called the “Canadian secretary syndrome”: “secretary” is a general term for representatives of the lower middle classes of developed countries, who make up the main streams of sex tourists; "Canadian" - as Canadians are credited with the honor of opening this type of tourism in the Caribbean. To serve these thousands of bored ladies from Europe, the USA and Canada, the locals have a special profession - the gigolo. According to Kamala Kempadoo, a professor of sociology at York University in Toronto, who has long been involved in this issue, female sex tourism in the Caribbean has not yet reached its peak and will only grow in the coming years along with an increase in the number of single and divorced women in developed industrial countries. . And this trend, the sociologist believes, will not be able to prevent even the fact that the Caribbean ranks second after Africa in terms of the spread of HIV - infection. Among Russian sex tourists, countries of the Eastern Mediterranean are also in demand: Turkey, Egypt, Greece.

gay tourism, also LGBT tourism is a branch of tourism that specializes in the travel and leisure of gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) people. It involves travel to countries and regions that are tolerant of sexual minorities. Gay tours can be organized both independently and by travel companies (both specialized and universal). Tour operators and travel agencies that provide gay tourism services inform their clients about areas of compact residence of LGBT people (“gay quarters”), about gay-friendly hotels, hotels, cafes and restaurants, information about local gay bars, gay clubs and other establishments oriented towards LGBT clients, as well as various events held by LGBT communities in places of intended recreation: gay parades, sporting events (for example, gay games, gay rodeos, etc.), concerts of LGBT performers and pop -performers who are gay icons. In recent years, with the introduction in many countries of same-sex marriage or other forms of same-sex unions, gay tourism has also included wedding tours for marriage, honeymoon trips and family tours for clients with children.

Backpacking or backpacking (from English backpack - “backpack”) is a term common in recent decades that refers to travel made by a tourist (backpacker) for little money, most often fundamentally refusing the services of tour operators. The backpacker plans and carries out all his trips on his own: he travels by all types of public transport (buses, trains, planes). It uses all the opportunities provided by air carriers: sales and special promotions, bonus miles, low-cost airlines. Hitchhiking. On the way, the backpacker spends the night not only in hotels, but also in hostels, campsites, guesthouses, as well as in the homes of local residents. They usually eat in the same place as the locals - in simple canteens and inexpensive restaurants, as well as with the locals themselves. One of the most important components of a backpacker's equipment is a backpack. The founder and mastermind backpacker class in Russia, the famous traveler V.A. Shanin, who created the websites bpclub.ru and rubbackpacker.ru in 2004 and actively promoted this term in his books and articles. A number of other travelers, such as A.V. Krotov, V.I. Lysenko, using the methods of backpacking, never called themselves as such.

Water tourism- one of the types of sports tourism, which consists in overcoming the route on the water surface. There are several types of water tourism: river rafting, rafting, sailing tourism, sea kayaking.

For water tourism, sports vessels of frame, frame-inflatable, inflatable construction are used. The most common commercial rafting vessel in the world is the raft. Rafts are also used in sports competitions such as Chuya Rally, Interrally White, etc.

ski tourism- a type of sports tourism in Russia and the CIS, which is a sport. Ski tourism is a type of tourism on means of transportation - on skis. Tourist skis are used to overcome natural obstacles.

Ski tourism is developing on the territory of the former CIS countries, which have stable snow cover in winter time. Sports tourist trips (routes) are carried out by tourist clubs, groups of amateur tourism.

mountain tourism- a type of tourism, which consists in the movement of a group of people with the help of muscular strength along a certain route, laid in a mountainous area in high mountains. Type of sport “Sports tourism. Mountain route (category 1-6)" is included in the All-Russian register of sports under the number 0840031411Ya. Although mountain tourism uses elements of rock climbing while climbing the route, it should not be confused with mountaineering. The main difference is that the goal of a climber is to climb to the top, and the goal of a mountain tourist is to climb a route of a certain complexity. In the higher categories of difficulty, the boundaries between these sports can be blurry.

The main factor that distinguishes mountain tourism from other types of sports tourism (and unites it with mountaineering) is that hiking takes place at a significant (more than 2500-3000 meters) absolute height above sea level. Until 1989, climbing to the peaks was prohibited in mountain tourism. Now climbing is allowed, which has significantly reduced the outflow of mountain tourists into climbers. A feature of mountain hikes is that many groups do not just climb the peaks, but pass traverses - they climb to the top from one side, and descend from the other. In mountaineering, this is also practiced, but less common. The complexity of the route in mountain tourism is determined mainly by the category of difficulty of the passes, and the peaks included in it. Additional parameters are the length of the route (in kilometers) and the duration of the trip (in days). As in other types of sports tourism, 6 categories of hiking complexity are formally distinguished in mountain tourism. However, it should be noted that within the same category, hikes may vary slightly in actual difficulty.

Speleotourism- a kind of sports tourism, the meaning is to travel through natural underground cavities (caves) and overcome various obstacles in them (siphons, wells) using various special equipment (scuba gear, carbines, ropes, hooks, individual safety systems, etc.). The opening of new speleotourist routes is associated with the study of caves - speleology. To get a degree in speleotourism, you need to go through several caves.

Route classification:

Depending on the difficulty of the obstacles to be overcome, the area of ​​the hike, autonomy, novelty, length of the route and a number of other factors characteristic of different types of sports tourism, according to increasing complexity, hikes are divided into:

§ weekend trips;

§ hikes 1 - 3 degrees of difficulty - in youth tourism;

§ categorical trips. IN different types tourism, the number of categories of complexity is different: in hiking, mountain, water, skiing, cycling and speleotourism - six categories of complexity (c. s.); in automoto and sailing tourism - five; in the horse - three.

Ranks for sports tourism:

The category of a tourist-athlete makes it possible to judge his sports qualification, expressed in the ability to pass routes of certain categories of difficulty.

To obtain a sports category in tourism, before passing the route, the group needs to register it and obtain permission from the route qualification commission (MKK). After the end of the hike, a report is submitted to the ICC, on the basis of which the materials are considered, and in case of a positive decision, categories are assigned to the participants and the leader.

According to the "Class requirements for sports tourism for 2001-2004" categories can be assigned (in ascending order of sportsmanship):

§ badge "Tourist of Russia" - tourists who have reached the age of 12 are awarded;

§ 3rd youth category;

§ 2nd youth category;

§ 1st youth category;

§ 3rd category;

§ 2nd category;

§ 1st category;

§ Candidate Master of Sports (CCM);

§ master of sports of Russia (MS);

§ master of sports of international class (MSMK).

Czech Republic and Slovak Republic. On January 1, 1993, Czechoslovakia was divided into two sovereign states: the western half (the Bohemia massif) became the Czech Republic, and the eastern half (the elevated zone together with the Tatra Mountains) became the Slovak Republic. Czechoslovakia was the largest tourist country in Eastern Europe with a well-organized tourism industry. She had a good network of hotels and holiday homes. Until 1989, Czechoslovakia had the largest inbound tourism industry among all the countries of the socialist camp in Eastern Europe. The country received 24.6 million visitors a year, most of whom came from neighboring socialist countries and were classified as sightseers.

The goals of the visit of guests from non-socialist countries to the country differed significantly from the goals of guests from socialist countries: only 18% were sightseers, while the majority were for pleasure travel and 17% for business travel.

Outbound tourism in Czechoslovakia was mainly aimed at neighboring socialist countries, and a third of the trips were one-day trips. For citizens of Czechoslovakia, the most popular tourist centers were Hungary, East Germany and Poland, among Western countries - Germany and Austria (the number of trips was insignificant and they were mainly made for business purposes).

With the beginning of economic reforms in Czechoslovakia in 1989-1991. The tourism sector of the country, both domestic and international, began to develop rapidly. For example, outbound tourism increased from 8.5 million trips per year in 1989 to 20.6 million in 1990 and 39.6 million in 1991. Most residents went on day trips and spent little abroad. money. Although in 1990-1991. the number of migrants increased sharply, the amount of money they spent during the same period decreased from 636 to 393 dollars. This circumstance clearly demonstrates the difficulties associated with economic transformation.

Two-thirds of the travels made by the inhabitants of Czechoslovakia were to Western countries, and, as mentioned above, mainly to West Germany (15.3 million people) and Austria (14.1 million people). During this period, the number of people leaving for neighboring Poland increased sharply (from 1.3 million people in 1990 to 6.1 million people in 1991).

Inbound tourism has also undergone significant changes. The number of tourists visiting Czechoslovakia has more than doubled. Most of the guests, namely 41%, were tourists from the united Germany. The number of Polish tourists also doubled, the Austrian market increased significantly - from 1.2 to 11.5%. However, the number of Hungarian tourists dropped sharply, while the number of Czechs and Slovaks traveling to Hungary increased slightly, by only 3.8 million people.

Since 1993, the tourism infrastructure of the countries of the former Czechoslovakia has received large foreign investments, most of which are in the Czech Republic. However, the political and economic problems that both countries faced during the reforms often worries foreign investors and can reduce their number.

Hungary is economically and politically the most stable country in Eastern Europe. The country began its program of economic reforms in 1968 and has moved much further in this direction than the neighboring countries of the socialist bloc. In 1989, Hungary's tourism industry was well established and ranked second only to Czechoslovakia. The country was especially popular as a tourist center among Czechs, Poles and East Germans. Hungary also attracted Western tourists, especially from countries such as Austria and West Germany, which numbered 2 million a year in the mid-1980s. Another 1.4 million Western visitors made day trips.

In 1988, 17.9 million people arrived in Hungary, of which 30% were tourists from non-socialist countries. The number of foreign guests more than doubled after the 1989-1990 revolution. reached 37.6 million people. Most of the arriving guests came from Austria, Germany, Yugoslavia and Romania. In 1991, the number of arrivals from Eastern European countries decreased, bringing the total number of arrivals to 33.2 million. However, the number of Western tourists continued to grow despite the international political situation.

In the 1980s, the number of Hungarian trips to the West also increased and reached its peak in 1989. The total volume of outbound tourism to all tourist centers in the world in 1985-1988. doubled, but in subsequent years its growth slowed down. This situation differed markedly from Czechoslovakia and Poland (see below). This is due not only to the fact that the trips of Hungarians to the West were better organized before 1989, but also to the currency control policy pursued by the Hungarian government since 1990. The expenses of foreign tourists during this period also decreased by about 2 times.

For various reasons, the political changes that took place in the country in 1989 did not have a significant impact on travel patterns, both to and from Hungary, in contrast to other Eastern European countries.

Poland has the largest population in the region, about 38 million people. The country has a high-tech economy, but a backward infrastructure. Before the collapse of the socialist camp, it was one of the main generating countries, since the Poles could travel freely back in the 70s. Outbound and inbound tourism developed rapidly in 1989, but subsequent economic problems reduced its growth (the standard of living fell by 30% by 1992). The number of trips abroad decreased from 22 million people in 1990 to 20.8 million people in 1991, with the majority traveling for trade or work abroad.

On the other hand, high inflation, which reached 80% in 1991, made the country relatively cheap for international tourism. For this reason, the number of foreign tourists slowly but grew from 3.4 million people in 1990 to 3.8 million people in 1991 and 4 million people in 1992. All this concerns day trips, the number of which has increased from 8 million people in 1989 to over 30 million people in 1992

During this period, the structure of inbound and outbound tourism in Poland also changed significantly. The number of arrivals from Germany, the CIS countries and Czechoslovakia increased, and from other Western European countries it doubled. Poles traveled, as before, mainly to Germany, but the number of travels to other Western European countries increased significantly. At the same time, the CIS countries and Czechoslovakia lost their markets.

Most tourists leave the country and come to it for the purpose of trade, business and visiting relatives and friends, which are concentrated mainly in the urban areas of the country. Nevertheless, Poland is rich in both natural and cultural tourist resources, which can be skillfully used in the future for the development of recreation. However, the insufficient number of hotels that meet Western standards of service, as well as the accommodation of foreign guests mainly with their relatives and friends, testify to the underdeveloped tourism industry in the country.

Romania is rich in coastal and mountain resources (Carpathians) to meet domestic needs. Romanian outbound tourism has increased in recent years, but its expenditures have been small (only $114 million in 1991). Most foreign trips were sent to Hungary (9 million people in 1990), then to Bulgaria (1.8 million people) and Turkey (500 thousand people in 1991). Romania's outbound tourism model is similar to that of other Eastern European countries, however, most of the trips were one-day trips.

Before the revolution, relatively few tourists visited the country, only 4.5 million people, of which 1 million guests came for one day. This was due to the political situation in the country, although Romania was the only country in Eastern Europe that provided package tours for beach holidays on the Black Sea coast for the Eastern European market. In 1990, 6.5 million foreign visitors visited the country, most of them from Eastern Europe: tourists from the former USSR amounted to 2.1 million people, Hungary 900 thousand, and only 13% of arrivals were from other European countries.

Until 1989 Bulgaria had a relatively small but economically important international tourism sector for the country. In terms of the number of arrivals in the country, it was inferior to Romania, but the share of tourists from Western countries was relatively high (9-12%), they brought the necessary foreign currency. However, Bulgaria's tourism industry was mainly dependent on the Eastern European holiday market: in 1991, 60% of the total 1.5 million holiday market and guests visiting their relatives and friends in Bulgaria came from Eastern European countries, in particular from Romania, Poland and CIS countries.

In 1992, this market disappeared as state subsidies to the industry were reduced and economic problems arose in the generator countries. In the period 1990-1992. Bulgaria experienced hyperinflation. This meant that few Bulgarians could travel abroad (only 1.5-2 million Bulgarians traveled abroad annually) and political freedom was offset by economic travel restrictions. Naturally, the expenses incurred by Bulgarian tourists abroad were also small.

Bulgaria has sufficient tourism resources to satisfy both domestic and international demand for historical monuments, beach holiday opportunities and picturesque landscapes of the mountains and the Black Sea coast.

tourism sports popularity

Sports tourism is a combination of relaxation and physical activity; such events are chosen by people who prefer outdoor activities, love nature and close companies and cannot sit in one place. This type of travel is the organization and holding of group events related to skiing, rafting and hiking, including in the mountains. The main task of tourists is to overcome natural obstacles, to fight against the elements.

ski tourism develops on the territory and countries of the former CIS, since it is in these areas that snow has been lying for a long time. What is the peculiarity of this type of sports travel? A group of people gathers, equipped with all the necessary equipment, which includes tourist skis, thermal underwear, tent, sleeping bag, portable stove. Shoe covers are put on boots to protect against snow, woolen socks are always taken. Such an excursion takes place in the mountains, natural obstacles are conquered, the group climbs the slopes and moves down from them, tourists can be on the move in frost reaching -40 ° C. This type of travel refers to ecological recreation. Of course, such tours around Russia are the most common - in the Urals, in Siberia, in Altai, on the Kola Peninsula.

Pedestrian sports tourism, or trekking, is one of the most popular types of ecological recreation in the world. The route is determined in advance, which can be of different length and complexity. At the same time, in order to participate in a hike of high complexity, a tourist must pass tests of lower categories of complexity. Trekking tours can be organized in almost any resort. This is a great opportunity to get acquainted with the history and culture of the country and have fun. Such trips take place both during the peak tourist season in the country, and during the off season and even during the rainy season. You can do trekking on the territory Russia and during holidays in other countries - , Nepal, in and etc.

Water tourism- This is, first of all, rafting, that is, rafting on the river on boats or rafts. The main task of the participants of such a trip is to overcome the rapids of the river and cope with the current. Professionals of this sport can take part in rafting, however, rafting trips for beginners are often organized at the resorts. In this case, all the necessary safety equipment is issued - helmets and a life jacket, beginners are instructed, and throughout the trip, rafting professionals accompany beginners and provide them with assistance. You can engage in this type of sports tourism in Turkey, Russia (Karelia, Altai, etc.), Bali, Greece, Crimea etc.

Special variety - mountain sports tourism. It resembles trekking in that a group of people gather and move along a certain route, however, in this case, a mountainous road is chosen. While overcoming obstacles, the participants of the trip use rock climbing techniques, but the main thing for a climber is to conquer the peak, which is why they climb very high mountains. In this situation, the main thing is to overcome the natural barrier: go through the pass, climb the mountain, etc.

This type of sports tourism is common in Russia (, Altai, Ural, etc.), Switzerland and etc.

Currently, tourism is a sphere of human life, which allows him to satisfy a variety of needs - in relaxation, communication, knowledge, new experiences, etc. The first level of motives that encourage a person to travel is physical motivation, which is aimed at restoring the body and soul, health goals, pleasure and sports.

This is largely determined by the rapid rhythm and high level stress of the life of a modern person, which increasingly stimulates him to actively spend his free time. These factors largely explain the growing popularity of active tourism. One of the types of active tourism is sports tourism, which, on the one hand, satisfies a person's need for sports (active tourism), and on the other hand, the need for involvement in sports when a tourist travels to visit sports events on which he enjoys himself as a fan (passive tourism).

It should be noted that today sports tourism is an underdeveloped, but nevertheless a promising direction of tourism both in Russia as a whole and in its individual regions.

Currently, there are about 400 centers, stations for young tourists, tourist camps, as well as many departments of tourism and Houses of creativity for children and youth in Russia, according to state statistics, about 425 thousand students are engaged in 28 thousand integrated institutions of additional education. More than 1.6 million children take part in the hikes every year. Up to 3 million people are engaged in sports tourism in Russia. The development of sports tourism in Russia is carried out by the Tourist and Sports Union of Russia and its technical committee - the Federation of Sports Tourism of Russia, which unite more than 70 collective members, subjects of the Russian Federation.

Hiking trips differ in duration, distance, modes of transportation and route complexity. For the fulfillment of certain standards, a participant in a sports tourist trip is assigned ranks and titles in accordance with the requirements of the Unified Sports Classification approved by the State Sports Committee. Hiking trips are divided into types according to certain classification criteria. According to the form of conducting, walks, hikes, travels, rallies, competitions, expeditions are distinguished. According to territorial features, it is customary to distinguish between local (for example, within the same administrative region) and long-distance trips. According to the method of movement and types of route, hiking trips are divided into hiking, skiing, mountain, water, speleological, cycling, motorcycle, automobile combined.

Hiking- most often the first type, from which the passion for tourism begins, is the easiest and most accessible, the organization of which is not very difficult. A group of average preparedness (4 - 12) people can walk 25-30 km per day. The weight of the backpack depends on the duration and distance from settlements. In 2-3-day hikes it is 12-15 kg for men, 6-10 for women. In categorical, at the beginning of the route, the weight of a backpack can reach 25-30 kg for men, 15-20 for women. The driving time is 5-6 hours, usually from 9.00 to 16.00, in hot weather it is recommended to use the morning and evening hours.

Specificity ski tourism makes high demands on special, physical and volitional training. Skis should be wider than usual, with various rigid bindings, allowing you to wear boot covers on your feet from snow and cold. For overnight stays, double-walled tents, tourist stoves, warm sleeping bags (down) and suits are used. The open area assumes an untouchable supply of fuel (firewood, dry alcohol, stoves) in case of a forced stop (weather, illness, short daylight hours, frost, heavy cover, change of route, etc.). A special repair kit is also required. Due to the additional warm clothes and food, the backpack of a skier is 15-20% heavier. In addition, when crossing, you must carry a thermos with hot tea and broth. Putting up a tent, building a fire and cooking in the snow and low temperatures presents its own difficulties. The group should be at least 10-12 people.

mountain tourism- a kind of hiking or skiing, but due to specific mountain conditions, it is separated into an independent species.

Water tourism is one of the most popular types of tourism, usually organized using watercraft (kayaks, catamarans, rafts). The peculiarity lies in the fact that most of the time passes on the water, and there is no need to carry the load on yourself. So you can take more equipment, food, personal items. Water trips usually take place along rivers and lakes, of varying complexity, using various rescue equipment (vests, air tanks). Things, products must be in impermeable shells and be securely attached to the craft. Mandatory repair kit for the craft.

Cycling tourism has a number of advantages, it is especially important that the speed of movement is 5-6 times higher and you do not need to carry powered equipment on your shoulders. In this form, trained people most often participate, who own the technique of riding, who are familiar with the rules of movement and the device of a bicycle. Usually use tourist, road or mountain bikes. The role of competent management of the hike and compliance with safety standards by the participants is very important. A repair kit, first aid kit and bicycle spare parts are also required.

According to the construction of the route, hikes are differentiated into linear, ring and radial. Linear routes pass through several (at least two) geographical points or tourist sites (bases), and the start and end points of such a route do not coincide and are located at a certain distance from each other. Ring tourist routes pass through a number of geographical points or tourist sites, while the start and end points of the route coincide. Radial routes involve the stay of tourists during the entire period of the hiking program in one tourist site, which does not exclude their participation in multi-day hiking trips with overnight stays outside the tourist site. By duration, weekend trips and multi-day trips are distinguished. By the time of functioning, tourist trips can be year-round and seasonal. According to the organizational duration, one can single out trips organized by travel companies, stations for young tourists, tourist clubs and sections. According to the age composition of travelers, they are divided as follows: children, young people, middle-aged people, and the elderly.

Hike goals

“Why are we going on a hike?” - everyone should ask themselves this question: both you and your friend who is going to go with you, since the purpose of the trip determines a lot: the composition of the group, equipment, route.

Unfortunately, it happens that an inexperienced tourist group goes on a hike without thinking through the route. Such a trip will not bring pleasure, because the picturesque corners of nature can be left out, and you will not be able to swim in the river because of the difficult approach to it. This happens to those who set off on a journey according to the principle: "We go wherever our eyes look." The success of every expedition depends on how well prepared it is.

Hike - the same expedition. So, without preparation, it cannot take place. First of all, determine the purpose of the trip. Goals - and hence campaigns - are different: . health-improving (walks in the forest, in the mountains, along the river); . cognitive, excursion (acquaintance with the republics, cities, museums, historical monuments, protected areas, etc.); . military-patriotic (studying the military path of famous military formations, meetings with participants in the civil and Great Patriotic wars, collecting materials about fellow countrymen-heroes); . local history (such trips help to replenish the expositions of local museums, collect information on the history of the school, village, town, city); . environmental protection (installation of feeders for birds and animals, cleaning the banks of rivers, forests and other places of mass visits from debris); . training (beginners master the basic tourist skills); . sports (participants of the trip compete, fulfilling the standards approved by the Council of the Tourist and Sports Union of Russia).

Purpose of Travel may be associated with the performance of any public assignments (conduct biological observations, compile a geological collection, collect useful plants, medicinal herbs, examine the state of cultural and historical monuments, small rivers, etc.). Do not set too many goals, it is better to choose one. If there are several of them, select the main one. The rest are considered related. It will be possible to implement them - well, no - it does not matter. Postpone until another trip. Beginners generally should not set any goals other than educational ones. The purpose of each trip must be indicated in the itinerary and known to all participants. Let everyone, after thinking, decide for himself whether he should go on such a trip or not. The organization of the trip also depends on the purpose of the trip. For example, in a sports trip, duties are distributed so that everyone does what he does best; in training, it’s the other way around: it’s better for everyone to do what they’re doing poorly so far, in order to learn, to acquire skills.

Route selection and development

Beginning tourists often have a desire to immediately go on a trip "over the three seas". It seems to many that there is some kind of miracle land where everything is much more interesting than where they live. However, first of all, it is necessary to know exactly one's native places and one should start with travels in the vicinity of one's city or village. Do not get carried away immediately with large kilometers. It often happens that the less you walk, the more you learn, see and have a better rest. Choosing a route is the most important step in preparing for a hike. Look at the literature that tells about the geographical features of the area and its history. Maps of the surroundings of a city or region can be found in libraries or local history museums. It's good to talk to people who know the area. In any case, try to choose a route that passes through picturesque places. To avoid monotony, do not return to the house the same way you went. It is better for beginners to use already known routes passed by someone. Do not be embarrassed that they have already been passed by someone. That doesn't make them any less interesting. Most often, routes are compiled according to the ring principle. In the vicinity of large cities, where railways and highways diverge from the city in radii, you can start the route from the railway station of one line and finish it at the station of the other line.

For walking routes, it is better to choose small country roads and paths. Major freeways are not only dangerous, but also harmful: dust and exhaust gases from cars will not improve the health and will not bring pleasure to the hikers. Looking through maps, diagrams, one should note places convenient for halts, forests where you need to follow the compass, various natural obstacles - ravines, swamps, thickets, and the like. Learn everything about local transport, settlements, roads, trails, forests. Do not forget to ask about shops, canteens, bakeries. Be sure to contact the forestry and inform about the upcoming trip. They will help you to clarify the route so as not to damage nature along the way, they will suggest convenient places for halts. If your path passes through nature reserves, you will be given a special permit, without which you cannot collect medicinal plants here, prepare firewood for a fire. Make a schedule of movement: break the route by day, determine the distances of daytime crossings, roughly mark parking lots, replenishment of supplies.

Experienced tourists are advised to draw a route diagram - a clear illustration of the traffic schedule - and accurately show the entire path of the group on it. When drawing up a route, you need to accurately set the hours of departure and return in order to have time to relax after the hike. The norm for beginners is 10-15 km per day. More experienced hikers can walk 25 km a day. Determine the task, what you will have time to do on the hike, based on the duration of the hike: take into account the time it takes to see interesting places, stops and halts, swim, play, etc. It is desirable that all participants of the hike are involved in the development and discussion of the route. If the route is being developed by one leader or a preparatory group, it is necessary to provide everyone with detailed information about the upcoming trip. Long before the exit, you should register a hike. If it takes no more than five days, it is enough to register with your educational institution (university, school, health camp). If the route is for more time, you need to register with the Ministry of Emergency Situations, with a tourist organization: in a club or at a station for young tourists.

Acquisition of tourist groups

The recruitment of a group is an important moment in the work of its leader. The success of the route largely depends on the size of the group, the social, age composition of its participants. The cohesion of the group, its organization, and the effectiveness of its management depend on the optimal combination of these characteristics. However, the head of the tourist group must be ready to work with any contingent, gently but persistently and consistently form the behavioral skills of tourists. For the trip to go well, the team must be homogeneous in strength and interests. The participation of too many people quickly brings out the difference in tastes and their physical training. Some are active, they want to see more, others are attracted by long stops; some go fast, some go slow.

Therefore, the maximum number of participants in the trip is no more than 25-30 people. However, if a lot of children signed up, you should not worry: in the process of preparation, some of them will drop out for various reasons (parents will not let one go, the other will change his mind). On a campaign, such guys are good who do not push unnecessary worries off themselves, do not refuse to bring a backpack of a sick comrade, do not save, do not leave in trouble, with whom, as experienced soldiers say, you can safely go on reconnaissance. Therefore, before the trip, discuss and approve each. At the same time, take into account his interests and inclinations. For example, if a local history trip is planned, then guys who have the skill of pathfinder work, members of the historical circle or the museum section are very much needed. In no case should there be "passengers" on the journey. Everyone has a specific job, everyone has certain responsibilities.

The task of the head of the tourist group is to unite into a single friendly team of people of different age, education, social status: pensioners and students, newlyweds and elderly spouses, workers and businessmen, for this he should study the socio-psychological characteristics of each tourist. In addition, the team leader must: . be able to maximally smooth and (or) eliminate conflicts that arise both within the group and outside it; . take measures to unite the team of the group; . identify informal leaders in the group who can (or cannot, or do not want, i.e. oppose) to help the group leader in his work, and if there is “opposition”, find ways to neutralize it. The motivation for recruiting tourists into groups can be very different, for example, based on common interests.

So, skiers, mushroom pickers, amateurs fishing, as a rule, they use weekends, vacations, holidays for travel. The travel of such groups of people is best organized on buses, on local and suburban trains, as well as on sea and river vessels. Groups of tourists can be united by one profession, occupation. For students and schoolchildren, these trips serve as one of the forms of study and practice, they provide an opportunity to see much of what they study in the lessons of geography, local history, zoology, botany, and history. In addition, when recruiting groups, one should take into account not only the common interests of its members, but also the time convenient for the trip. For schoolchildren and students, this is a vacation, for the majority of workers, it is vacation time.

The effectiveness of the organization and conduct of the campaign largely depends on the size of the group. If the group is small, it is more difficult to organize the passage of difficult sections of the route, equip a place for the night, and, if necessary, provide assistance to the victim and his transportation. An overly large group is difficult to manage, especially on difficult hikes. Finally, numerous groups of tourists cause significant harm to the environment. Practice shows that the optimal size of a tourist group on a hike ranges from 6 to 10 people, and for a tourist group participating in a weekend hike, non-categorical hike or trip, it should be at least four and no more than 50 people. The rules for conducting tourist sports trips set the minimum composition of participants: in trips of the lowest categories of complexity - from 2 to 4 people; in groups of tourists - schoolchildren - 8 people, except for skiing and mountaineering.

Depending on the age composition and complexity of the trip, the maximum number of participants can be from 12 to 30 people. Requirements for leaders and participants of tourist and sports trips are presented depending on the category of complexity of the route. When forming a tourist group for traveling along categorical routes, it is necessary to take into account the experience of participating in the trips of the instructor leader, the quantitative composition of the group and the minimum allowable age of the participants. Participants of categorical trips and trips for all types of tourism should be able to swim and know the rules for rescuing drowning people, and tourists traveling in winter and during off-season periods should have experience in organizing a field overnight stay. Participants of category trips and trips must have special knowledge and skills, as well as have relevant experience in participating in certain types of trips and trips (water, mountain, ski, etc.).

Appropriate training is provided by the organization conducting the hike or trip. At the time of recruiting a tourist group or at the beginning of a trip, the leader can choose assistants from the most active and disciplined tourists, find out if there is a medical worker (doctor, nurse) among the tourists. Each tourist on the route performs one or another social work in accordance with his abilities and desires. The leader of the route thinks over proposals for the distribution of responsibilities and expresses them at the organizational meeting of the group. In this case, it is necessary to take into account the wishes and abilities of each.

There are usually several main public "positions" in a tourist group:

. headman- First Assistant Instructor. Usually this is the most experienced or most reputable tourist. He participates in all organizational activities of the preparation of the route, monitors the well-being of all members of the group, regulates their load on the route. In the campaign, at the direction of the instructor, he is usually either guiding or trailing. In addition, the headman assists the leader in organizing tourists, in maintaining discipline and order in the group, and in some cases replaces the absent leader of the tourist group;

. responsible for equipment Responsible for the receipt and proper use of public inventory, distributes it among the participants of the campaign. Monitors the condition of the equipment, supervises all repair work, and at the end of the trip, rents everything to a tourist club or rental office;

. responsible for nutrition must be an energetic, efficient and accurate tourist. He organizes the receipt of the required amount of products, their packaging. He also distributes the entire stock of moving products among the participants. On the route, it keeps records of the consumption of products in accordance with the layout by day, daily redistributes the remaining products among tourists. Gives food to attendants. 2-3 people are usually allocated to help him;

. treasurer draws up an estimate, makes all monetary calculations, keeps a strict record of expenses, collects and files documents for reporting - transport tickets, receipts, copies of sales receipts; . sports organizer holds morning exercises, organizes sport games and halt competitions. Stores and is responsible for sports equipment;

. orderly is responsible for observing the daily routine, the sanitary condition of tourists, stores and replenishes the first-aid kit, and dispenses medicines. He cares about the quality of the products, about the observance of the drinking regime. He also provides first aid; . the cultural organizer prepares and organizes entertainment and cultural programs, singing songs by the fire and other events;

. photographer takes all the interesting moments of the trip, prepares photos for the report;

. chronicler writes travel notes, prepares a report on the campaign. Depending on the goals of the trip, the participants may have other “positions”, for example, a mechanic, a local historian, a topographer, a meteorologist responsible for collecting herbariums, medicinal herbs, mineral collections, etc. Depending on the needs of the group, several tourists. All participants take turns on duty.