The problem of testing a person's physical fitness is one of the most developed in theory and methodology. physical education. Behind last years a huge and most diverse material has been accumulated here: the definition of testing tasks; historical information about test modifications; conditionality of test results by different factors; development of tests to assess individual conditioning and coordination abilities; test programs that characterize the physical fitness of children and adolescents adopted in Russia; Commonwealth countries and in many other leading countries of the world.

Testing of human motor abilities is one of the most important and significant areas of activity of scientists and sports teachers. It helps to solve a number of complex pedagogical tasks: identifying the level of development of conditional and coordination abilities, assessing the quality of technical and tactical preparedness of the level of physical qualities, including speed-strength. Along with scientific tasks in practice different countries testing tasks are as follows:

• * to teach the schoolchildren themselves to determine the level of their physical exercises;
• * encourage students to further improve their physical condition (form);
• * to know not only the initial level of development of motor ability, but how much its change over a certain time;

Based on the test results, you can: compare the readiness of both individual students and entire groups living in different regions and countries; conduct sports selection for practicing a particular sport, for participation in competitions; exercise objective control over the training of schoolchildren and young athletes to a large extent; identify the advantages and disadvantages of the means used, teaching methods and forms of organizing classes; finally, to substantiate the norms (age, individual) of the physical fitness of children and adolescents (14).

A test is a measurement or test done to determine a person's ability or condition. There can be many such measurements, including those based on the use of a wide variety of physical exercises. However, not every physical exercise or test can be considered a test. Only those tests (samples) that meet special requirements can be used as tests:

* the purpose of any test (or tests) should be defined;

a standardized test measurement methodology and test procedure should be developed;

• * it is necessary to determine the reliability and informativeness of tests;
• * test results can be presented in the appropriate scoring system.

The system of using tests in accordance with the task, organizing the conditions, performing tests by the subjects, evaluating and analyzing the results, is called testing. The numerical value obtained during the measurements is the result of testing (test). For example, the standing long jump is a test; the procedure for conducting jumps and measuring results - testing; jump length - test result (16).

The tests used in physical education are based on motor actions ( physical exercise, motor tasks). Such tests are called motion or motor tests.

There are single and complex tests. The unit test serves to measure and evaluate one attribute (coordinating or conditioning ability). Since, as we see, the structure of each coordinating or conditioning ability is complex, then with the help of such a test, as a rule, only one component of such an ability is evaluated (for example, the ability to balance, the speed of a simple reaction, the strength of the muscles of the hands).

With the help of a training test, the ability for motor learning is assessed (by the difference between the final and initial assessment for a certain period of training).

The test series makes it possible to use the same test for a long time, when the measured ability improves significantly. At the same time, the tasks of the test are consistently increasing in their difficulty. Unfortunately, this type of unit test is not yet sufficiently used both in science and in practice.

With the help of a complex test, several signs or components of different or the same ability are evaluated, for example, a jump up from a place (with a wave of hands, without a wave of hands, to a given height). Based on this test, you can get information about the level of speed-strength abilities (by the height of the jump), coordination abilities (by the accuracy of differentiation of power efforts, by the difference in the height of the jump with and without a wave of arms).

A test profile consists of several separate tests on the basis of which either several different physical abilities are evaluated (heterogeneous test profile), or several manifestations of the same physical ability (homogeneous test profile). Test results can be presented in profile form, allowing quick comparison of individual and group results.

The test battery also consists of several separate tests, the results of which are summarized in one final assessment, considered in one of the rating scales. As in the test profile, a distinction is made between homogeneous and heterogeneous batteries.

A homogeneous battery or homogeneous profile finds use in assessing all components of a complex capacity (eg, reactivity). At the same time, the results of individual tests should be closely interconnected (correlated).

A heterogeneous test profile or a heterogeneous battery serves to evaluate the complex (set) of various motor abilities. For example, such test batteries are used to assess strength, speed and endurance abilities - these are batteries of physical fitness tests.

In tests of reusable tasks, the subjects sequentially perform motor tasks and receive separate marks for each solution of the motor task. These estimates may be closely related to each other. Through appropriate static calculations, additional information about the assessed abilities can be obtained (14).

The definition of motor tests indicates that they serve to assess motor abilities and partly motor skills. In this regard, in the most general form, there are conditional tests, coordination tests and tests for assessing motor skills and abilities (movement techniques). This systematization is, however, too general. The classification of motor tests according to their predominant indications follows from the systematization of physical (motor) abilities.

In this regard, there are tests: to assess the strength of maximum, speed, strength endurance; to assess endurance; to assess speed abilities; to assess flexibility: active and passive. And coordination tests (to assess coordination abilities related to individual independent groups of motor actions that measure special coordination abilities; to assess specific coordination abilities - the ability to balance, orientate in space, respond, differentiate movement parameters, rhythm, rebuild motor actions, harmonize (connection), vestibular stability, voluntary muscle relaxation).

Thus, each classification is a kind of guideline for choosing (or creating the type of tests that are more appropriate for testing tasks).

The reliability of a test is the degree of agreement between the results when the same people are tested repeatedly under the same conditions. Variation in the results of repeated measurements is called intra-individual or intra-group. Four main reasons cause this variation:

• 1. Change in the state of the subjects (fatigue, working out, etc.).
• 2. Uncontrolled changes in external conditions and equipment, i.e. random measurement error.
• 3. Change in the state of the person conducting or evaluating the test.
• 4. Imperfection of the test.

The main components of speed-strength abilities are the speed of response, the speed of a single movement, the frequency of movements and the speed manifested in the integrity of motor actions, explosive, shock-absorbing force.

P.I. Donchenko, having analyzed the tests of various researchers, offers his own for determining speed-strength readiness:

Jump up from a place with a wave and without a wave of hands, from the floor and from the bedside table. With the help of V.M. Abalakov's device.

Long jump with two legs.

Triple (quarter) jump from foot to foot, only on the right or left foot - speed endurance (9).

Ponomareva N.A. to assess jumping endurance recommends serial jumps to the maximum height.

The basketball player is given the task: standing on the platform (50x50 cm), perform 30 jumps without stopping to the maximum height. The measuring complex, consisting of a platform, an electronic stopwatch, allows you to sum up the time that the subject is on the platform for several seconds until the data of his jumps are finally recorded. Then the average time of one jump is calculated and it is used to calculate (the formula - that in the previous test) the average height of one jump, which characterizes the jumping endurance of a basketball player. The legs cannot be bent. After each of the 30 jumps, it is imperative to land at least one foot on the platform (18).

Ponomareva N.A. gives another test to determine the speed-strength ability of an athlete.

The test consists in performing 10 vertical jumps with the highest possible height and speed. To determine the height of the jump and the time of the support phase of the jump, a contact platform is used, connected to two electric stopwatches, which allow fixing time intervals with an accuracy of 0.01 seconds. One stopwatch records the sum of the support phase time of 10 jumps. The height of the jump is calculated from the time of its unsupported phase.

The calculation is carried out according to the formula:

MAR \u003d Hx1.5xP1Where:

H - average jumping height 10 jumps (m),

P - athlete's weight (kg),

• 1.5 - braking coefficient,
• 1- average time required to perform one jump (min.)

The assessment of the speed of movement of an athlete is made by the time of running a 6-meter segment. Registration of the running time of 6 meters can be carried out using two contact platforms and an electronic stopwatch, with an accuracy of 0.01 seconds. The stopwatch turns on at the moment when the subject leaves the first platform, and turns off at the moment the foot touches the second one. The subject makes three attempts, the results are recorded. Considered the best. If the athlete does not get on the platform that turns off the stopwatch, he is granted an additional attempt. To quickly overcome six meters, you need to work with your feet more often (18).

Dyakov V.M. offers the following tests:

Free jump up. It well reflects the level of readiness of the athlete. Large values ​​indicate a high functional state. This exercise serves to determine the functional relationship between the speed and power of efforts developed by the musculoskeletal system of athletes.

Jumping up with weight (barbell). Several series of jumps from a place (registration of the height of the jumps) with a consistent increase in the mass of the barbell on the shoulders.

A jump from a place up sequentially with the inclusion of movements of the arms and both (feet) legs, separately and simultaneously.

To turn on the hands, it is necessary to hold the stick lying on the shoulders, and to turn off the feet, the athlete, rising on his toes, stands on a bar 10 cm high, which, after a push, is removed to the side in order to avoid injury.

To determine the speed-strength activity, the author offers three series of high jumps:

to determine the explosive strength, it is necessary to make 6 jumps;

to determine speed endurance - 12 jumps;

for strength endurance - 18 jumps.

First, the basketball player makes three test jumps to the optimal height. Based on the data obtained, the average value is displayed. The result of a series of jumps is compared with the average data of test jumps, and the speed-strength motor activity of a basketball player is determined by the arithmetic mean deviation of the first from the second. A deviation of 5-7 cm from the average value of a series of jumps indicates a weak physical training; their correspondence is about the high functional level of preparedness of a basketball player and the development of speed-strength endurance. A favorable factor should be considered a consistent increase in the height of each jump performed in a series.

As the main indicator of jumping ability, both in adults and schoolchildren, it is advisable to use a high jump from a place. These exercises are relatively easy to coordinate, the technique of performing the exercise is easily mastered by those involved after several trial attempts (25).

M.E. Zabulina and E.A. Razumovsky (6) proposed to take into account the weight of the athlete when determining the speed-strength abilities. Test: jump from two legs up.

Calculated according to the formula:

Jump height (cm). Body weight (kg)Where:

The result is 0.8 - satisfactory, 0.9-1 - good, 1.1-1.3 - excellent.

V.I. Lyakh proposes to measure speed-strength abilities - throwing a small ball (another projectile) from a place to a distance with the leading and non-leading hand. The flight length of the projectile is determined. The motor asymmetry of the subject is determined by the difference in throwing length separately with the right and left hands. The smaller it is, the more symmetrical the teaching in this exercise. Throwing (push) stuffed ball (1-3 kg.) From different starting positions with two and one hand.

Test procedures:

Throwing a medicine ball from a sitting position, legs apart, the ball is held with two hands above the head. From this position, the subject leans back slightly and throws the ball forward as far as possible. Of the three attempts counted best result. Throwing length is determined from an imaginary line of intersection of the pelvis and torso to the nearest point of contact of the projectile.

Throwing a stuffed ball with two hands from the chest in a standing position. The subject stands 50 cm from the wall in the starting position. On command, he seeks to push the ball with both hands from the chest as far as possible. Of the three attempts, the best result is taken into account.

The same as the previous control test, but the subject holds the medicine ball with one hand at the shoulder, the second supports it. The stuffed ball is pushed with one hand to the flight range.

Throwing a stuffed ball with two hands from below. The subject holds the ball with two straight arms at the bottom. On command, he performs throwing with two hands from below (hands move forward and up), it is possible to simultaneously raise on toes.

Throwing a stuffed ball from behind the head with both hands, standing with your back to the direction of throwing. The subject, holding the ball down with both hands, seeks to push the ball over his head as far as possible (14).

Conclusion

Speed-strength abilities are the background against which such aspects as the speed and speed of throws, passes, dribbles, and the speed of solving tactical problems are manifested.

The main means of developing speed-strength qualities in basketball are exercises performed at or near the maximum speed.

We have studied the methods of developing speed-strength qualities, which are the main physical property in this game.

The authors propose the following control exercises (tests) to identify the speed-strength training of athletes. For example, such as a long jump from a place, a running high jump and the Abalakov test are the most objective variable, since it does not require movement coordination in this sport.

To assess the self-strength abilities, hand and back dynamometry are used.

Carpal dynamometry is a method for determining the strength of the flexors of the hand. The hand with the dynamometer is moved to the side at the level of the shoulder and its maximum compression is performed. Two measurements are taken on each arm and the best result is recorded. The strength of the right hand (if a person is right-handed) is on average 35-50 kg for men, and 25-33 kg for women. The strength of the left hand is usually 5-10 kg less. The relative strength of the right hand (correlated with body weight) in men is on average

0.6-0.7, for women - 0.45-0.50.

Deadlift dynamometry is a method for determining the strength of the extensors of the body. The measurement is carried out on a site equipped with a special traction. The examined from a standing position, legs together, straightened, the body is tilted forward, the hands at the level of the knees slowly unbend, holding on to the rod and leaving the legs and arms straightened. The deadweight in men is on average 130-150 kg, in women - 80-90 kg. The value of the relative backbone strength of more than 2.6 is considered high, 2.4-2.6 - above average, 2.1-2.3 - average, 1.7-2.0 - below average, less than 1.7 - low.

Self-strength abilities can also be assessed based on the results of various, coordinatingly simple exercises, for example, the maximum weight of the lifted barbell in the bench press.

Strength abilities of students (including self-strength and speed-strength) are evaluated in points based on the results of control exercises given in Table. 9.

Table 9 Evaluation of strength abilities of students based on the results of control exercises Exercises Score, points 5 4 3 2 1 Men Pull-ups on the bar, number of times 15 12 9 7 5 Flexion and extension of the arms in emphasis on uneven bars, number of times 15 12 9 7 5 Raising yoga in the hang until the touch of the switch dynes, number of times 10 7 5 3 2 Standing long jump, cm 250 240 230 223 215 Women Raising the body from a prone position on the back, hands behind the head, legs fixed, number of times 60 50 40 30 20 Hanging pull-ups lying on the bar height 90 cm, number of times 20 16 10 6 4 Squatting on one leg with the support of the hand on wall, number of times 12 10 8 6 4 Standing long jump, cm 190 180 168 160 150

A score of 5 points corresponds to high level development of strength abilities, below 1 point - unsatisfactory.

One of the simple and informative methods for assessing speed-strength abilities is to measure the height of the jump up from a place. For this, the Abalakov method or chalk marking is used.
current on a vertical surface, first in a standing position on toes with an arm extended upwards, and then at the highest point of the jump. In the first case, the height of the jump is determined by the length of a centimeter tape stretched out from the ring on the floor, which is attached to the subject's belt, and in the second case, by the distance between the marks made with chalk. For men, a jump height of 50 cm corresponds to an excellent rating, 45 - good, 40 - satisfactory; for women, 38 cm corresponds to an excellent rating, 33 - good, 28 - satisfactory.

• Speed ​​assessment methods

There are methods for estimating elementary and complex forms of speed.

The speed of the motor reaction and the single movement are evaluated by means of a "relay" test. In a standing position, the strongest arm with extended fingers, the edge of the palm down, is extended forward. At a distance of 1-2 cm from the palm of the subject, a 40-cm ruler is held. The zero mark of the ruler is at the level of the lower edge of the palm. Within 5 s after the preliminary command, the ruler is released. The subject squeezes his fingers and holds the ruler. The distance from the zero mark to the palm is measured. For men, a result of 9 cm is considered excellent, 12 is good, 15 is satisfactory; for women, a result of 14 cm is considered excellent, 16 is good, and 18 is satisfactory.

To assess the distance speed of students, 100-meter running is usually used. Starting acceleration and distance speed are also given by 30-meter running from a low start and immediately (Table 10).

Table 10 Evaluation of students' speed based on the results of control exercises Exercises Score, points 5 4 h 2 1 Men Run 100 m, s 13,2 13.6 14,0 14,3 14,6 Running 30 m from a low start, s 4,4 4,7 5,0 — — Running 30m on the go, s 3,7 3,9 4,1 — Women Run 100 m, s 15,7 16,0 17,0 17,9 18,7 Running 30 m from a low start, s 5,1 5,5 5,9 — — Running 30m on the go, s 4,1 4,7 5,3 — —

A score of 5 points corresponds to a high level of development of speed, below 1 point - unsatisfactory.

Since the manifestation of complex forms of speed depends on the level of development of speed-strength abilities, running 100 and 30 meters allows us to evaluate both of these qualities.

• Methods for assessing flexibility

The mobility of the spinal column is determined as follows. From a standing position on a gymnastic bench or stand 30-40 cm high, legs together, straightened at the knees, a forward tilt is performed until the centimeter scale touches as low as possible the zero mark (stop level). The pose must be held for at least 2 s. For men, a touch below the zero mark by 7 cm corresponds to an excellent rating, 5 - good, 3 - satisfactory; for women, 11 cm corresponds to an excellent rating, 8 - good, 3 - satisfactory.

The mobility of the hip joints is determined when performing a longitudinal split, the torso is straight. The score is based on the distance between the feet. In addition, the mobility of the hip joints is characterized by the amplitude of the movement of the legs forward, backward, to the side.

The mobility of the shoulder joints is determined through an exercise with a gymnastic stick. In a standing position, the stick is taken from the front to the bottom with a grip from above and is transferred back over the head until it touches the back and back. The smallest distance between the hands at which the exercise is possible is measured. The resulting value is divided by the width of the shoulders and an assessment is made according to this indicator.

And sports quantitatively strength abilities are evaluated in two ways: 1) using measuring devices - dynamometers, strain gauges; 2) with the help of special control exercises (tests).

1. Assessment of self-power abilities. With the help of modern equipment, it is possible to measure the maximum strength of all major muscle groups in static and dynamic forces.

In the practice of physical education and sports, special control exercises are used to assess the level of strength. The maximum force is determined by highest weight, which was raised by the subject in one or another exercise or according to the individual maximum resistance on the simulators in each specific exercise.

2. Assessment of speed-strength abilities. When evaluating speed-strength abilities, it must be taken into account that the time for performing the control exercise should not exceed 15-20 seconds and the exercise should be performed with the maximum possible speed or power.

To assess the speed-strength abilities use the following exercises: track and field jumps, throwing, multi-jumping, high-speed movements of a cyclic nature (running from the start, from the move, shuttles, etc.). For example, one of the control tests: a multi-hop from 20 to 100 meters. The number of jumps and their execution time are fixed, the indicators of which are summarized. The smaller the sum of these indicators, the higher the level of speed-strength capabilities in this exercise.

Speed-strength abilities can be estimated by the value of the maximum traction force in or rowing using rubber band and strain gauge, the duration of the control exercise is from 3 to 8 seconds.

When evaluating speed-strength abilities in sports games and martial arts, the time required to perform standard techniques and actions performed in a short time (no more than 10 seconds) with high intensity is recorded. For example, accelerations in sports games, starting actions, shock actions in, throws of a dummy in martial arts.

In the practice of physical education, quantitative and strength capabilities are evaluated in two ways: 1) using measuring devices - dynamometers (Fig. 12, 4), dynamographs, tensometric force-measuring devices; 2) with the help of special control exercises, strength tests.

Modern measuring devices make it possible to measure the strength of almost all muscle groups in standard tasks (flexion and extension of body segments), as well as in static and dynamic efforts (measuring the strength of an athlete in motion).

In mass practice, special control exercises (tests) are most often used to assess the level of development of strength qualities. Their implementation does not require any special expensive inventory and equipment. To determine the maximum strength, exercises that are simple in technique are used, for example, a bench press, a squat with a barbell, etc. The result in these exercises depends very little on the level of technical skill. Maximum strength is determined by the greatest weight that the trainee (subject) can lift.

To determine the level of development of speed-strength abilities and strength endurance, the following control exercises are used: jumping rope (Fig. 12, 3), pull-ups (Fig. 12, 7, 8), push-ups on parallel bars, from the floor or from a bench (Fig. 12, 9, 10), lifting the body from a prone position with bent knees (Fig. 12, 6), hangs on bent and half-bent arms (Fig. 12, 14), lifting with a coup on a high crossbar, a long jump from a place with two legs (Fig. 12, 2), triple jump from foot to foot (option - only on the right and only on the left foot), raising and lowering straight legs to the limiter (Fig. 12, 5), jump up with a swing (Fig. 12, 1) and without a wave of the arms (the height of the jump is determined), throwing a stuffed ball (1 - 3 kg) from various starting positions with two and one hand (Fig. 12, 11, 12, 13) etc. The criteria for assessing speed-strength abilities and strength endurance are the number of pull-ups, push-ups, the time of holding a certain position of the body, the range of throws (throws), jumps, etc.

For most of these control tests, studies have been carried out, standards have been drawn up and levels (high, medium, low) have been developed that characterize different strength capabilities. You can read more about the criteria for assessing strength abilities and how to measure them in the relevant textbooks and manuals.

7.3. Speed ​​abilities and the basics of the methodology for their education

Under speed abilities understand the capabilities of a person, providing him with the performance of motor actions in the minimum period of time for these conditions. There are elementary and complex forms of manifestation of speed abilities. The elementary forms include the speed of reaction, the speed of a single movement, the frequency (tempo) of movements.

All motor reactions performed by a person are divided into two groups: simple and complex. The response to a predetermined movement to a predetermined signal (visual, auditory, tactile) is called a simple reaction. Examples of this type of reactions are the beginning of a motor action (start) in response to a shot of a starting pistol in athletics or swimming, the termination of an attacking or defensive action in martial arts or during a sports game when an arbitrator blows, etc. The speed of a simple reaction is determined by the so-called latent (hidden) reaction period - the time interval from the moment the signal appears to the moment the movement begins.The latent time of a simple reaction in adults, as a rule, does not exceed 0.3 s.

Complex motor reactions are found in sports characterized by a constant and sudden change in the situation of actions ( sport games, martial arts, skiing etc.). Most of the complex motor reactions in physical education and sports are “choice” reactions (when you need to instantly choose one of several possible actions that is adequate to the given situation).

In a number of sports, such reactions are simultaneously reactions to a moving object (ball, puck, etc.).

The time interval spent on performing a single movement (for example, a punch in boxing) also characterizes speed abilities. The frequency, or pace, of movements is the number of movements per unit of time (for example, the number of running steps in 10 s).

IN various types motor activity, elementary forms of manifestation of speed abilities appear in various combinations and in conjunction with other physical qualities and technical actions. In this case, there is a complex manifestation of speed abilities. These include: the speed of performing integral motor actions, the ability to gain top speed and the ability to sustain it for a long time.

For the practice of physical education highest value has the speed of a person performing integral motor actions in running, swimming, skiing, cycling, rowing, etc., and not the elementary forms of its manifestation. However, this speed only indirectly characterizes the speed of a person, since it is determined not only by the level of development of speed, but also by other factors, in particular, the technique of mastering the action, coordination abilities, motivation, volitional qualities, etc.

The ability to reach maximum speed as quickly as possible is determined by the phase of the starting acceleration or starting speed. On average, this time is 5-6 s. The ability to maintain the achieved maximum speed for as long as possible is called

Yut speed endurance and is determined by distance speed.

In games and martial arts, there is another specific manifestation of speed qualities - the speed of braking, when, due to a change in the situation, it is necessary to instantly stop and start moving in a different direction.

The manifestation of forms of speed and speed of movements depends on a number of factors: 1) the state of the central nervous system and the neuromuscular apparatus of a person; 2) morphological features muscle tissue, its composition (i.e., on the ratio of fast and slow fibers); 3) muscle strength; 4) the ability of muscles to quickly move from a tense state to a relaxed one; 5) energy reserves in the muscle (adenosine triphosphoric acid - ATP and creatine phosphate - KTP); 6) amplitude of movements, i.e. on the degree of mobility in the joints; 7) the ability to coordinate movements during high-speed work; 8) the biological rhythm of the life of the organism; 9) age and gender; 10) high-speed natural abilities of a person.

From a physiological point of view, the speed of the reaction depends on the speed of the following five phases: 1) the occurrence of excitation in the receptor (visual, auditory, tactile, etc.) involved in the perception of the signal; 2) transmission of excitation to the central nervous system; 3) the transition of signal information along the nerve pathways, its analysis and the formation of an efferent signal; 4) conduction of an efferent signal from the central nervous system to the muscle; 5) excitation of the muscle and the appearance of an activity mechanism in it.

The maximum frequency of movements depends on the speed of transition of the motor nerve centers from the state of excitation to the state of inhibition and vice versa, i.e. it depends on the lability of the nervous processes.

The speed shown in holistic motor actions is influenced by: the frequency of neuromuscular impulses, the speed of muscle transition from the phase of tension to the phase of relaxation, the rate of alternation of these phases, the degree of inclusion in the process of movement of rapidly contracting muscle fibers and their synergy.

From a biochemical point of view, the speed of movements depends on the content of adenosine triphosphoric acid in the muscles, the rate of its breakdown and resynthesis. In high-speed exercises, ATP resynthesis occurs due to phosphorocreatine and glycolytic mechanisms (anaerobically - without the participation of oxygen). The share of aerobic (oxygen) source in the energy supply of various high-speed activities is 0-10%.

Genetic studies (twin method, comparison of speed capabilities of parents and children, long-term observations of changes in speed indicators in the same children) show that motor abilities are

strongly dependent on genotype factors. According to scientific research, the speed of a simple reaction is approximately 60-88% determined by heredity. The speed of a single movement and the frequency of movements experience a moderately strong genetic influence, and the speed manifested in integral motor acts, running, depends approximately equally on the genotype and environment (40-60%).

The most favorable periods for the development of speed abilities in both boys and girls are considered to be between the ages of 7 and 11 years. At a slightly slower pace, the growth of various indicators of speed continues from I to 14-15 years. By this age, the results actually stabilize in terms of the speed of a simple reaction and the maximum frequency of movements. Purposeful influences or practicing various sports have a positive effect on the development of speed abilities: specially trained people have an advantage of 5-20% or more, and the growth of results can last up to 25 years.

Gender differences in the level of development of speed abilities are small until the age of 12-13. Later, boys begin to outperform girls, especially in terms of the speed of integral motor actions (running, swimming, etc.).

Tasks of development of high-speed abilities. The first task is the need for a versatile development of speed abilities (speed of reaction, frequency of movements, speed of a single movement, speed of integral actions) in combination with the acquisition of motor skills and abilities that children master during training in educational institution. For an educator physical education and sports, it is important not to miss the junior and middle school age - sensitive (especially favorable) periods for effective impact on this group of abilities.

The second task is the maximum development of speed abilities in the specialization of children, adolescents, boys and girls in sports where the speed of response or speed of action plays a significant role (running on short distances, sports games, martial arts, luge, etc.).

The third task is the improvement of speed abilities, on which success in certain types of labor activity depends (for example, in flying, when performing the functions of an operator in industry, power systems, communication systems, etc.).

Speed ​​abilities are very difficult to develop. The possibility of increasing the speed in locomotor cyclic acts is very limited. In the process of sports training, an increase in the speed of movements is achieved not only by influencing the actual speed abilities, but also by other ways.

Them - through the education of power and speed-strength abilities, speed endurance, improving the technique of movements, etc., i.e. through the improvement of those factors on which the manifestation of certain qualities of speed essentially depends.

Numerous studies have shown that all of the above types of speed abilities are specific. The range of mutual transfer of speed abilities is limited (for example, you can have a good response to a signal, but have a low frequency of movements; the ability to perform with high speed starting acceleration in sprinting does not guarantee a high distance speed and vice versa). Direct positive transfer of speed takes place only in movements that have similar semantic and programming aspects, as well as the motor composition. The noted specific features of speed abilities therefore require the use of appropriate training tools and methods for each of their varieties.

To assess the general speed-strength abilities and power in sports, it is recommended to use strength exercises from the Olympic program in weightlifting, running up the stairs, long and high jumps, and medicine ball throws.

Tests to assess speed-strength abilities and power using a barbell

Undermining the barbell on the chest

Figure 1. Barbell Chest Rise

This test is aimed at evaluating the power.

The test requires a standard 20 kg bar, two locks, a frame for the barbell, and enough plates to perform maximum effort with the possibility of varying weights in the 2.5 kg range.

The weight is selected according to the testing protocol 1 .

Performance:

The subject approaches the barbell located on the floor, feet shoulder-width apart. Squats and takes the bar with a direct grip slightly wider than the shoulders, the shoulder blades are brought together (Figure 1, a). Unbending the legs, the athlete raises the barbell on the hips (Figure 1, b). Then, making a powerful upward movement with the whole body, the subject undermines the barbell (Figure 1, c) and, crouching down, catches it on his chest (Figure 1, d). At the end of the exercise, the athlete straightens his legs, holding the barbell on his chest.

Bench press using Myotest or Keiser devices

The test is aimed at assessing the power, strength, and speed developed by large pectoral muscles, anterior bundles of deltoid muscles and triceps. In the practice of sports, two approaches are used in testing. The differences relate to the mass of weights used.

Both the first and second options can be performed using both Myotest and Keiser devices, which are attached to the bar (in various ways - see figures 2 and 3). The difference between the technologies is that Myotest requires the movement to be triggered by the device, while Keiser does not. For convenience, the first testing approach is described using the Myotest hardware, and the second with Keizer:

1) To carry out the test, you must have a Myotest device, a bench and a barbell weighing 40 kg.

Figure 2. Bench press using Myotest technology

The athlete lies down on the bench and takes the bar about shoulder width apart. During the test, the buttocks should be firmly pressed to the bench, and the feet to the floor. At the first signal of the Myotest device, the subject bends his arms, touching the chest with the barbell approximately on the axillary line. At the second signal, the athlete sharply unbends his arms. The subject's task is to demonstrate maximum power. 3 attempts are given. Myotest technology records the following indicators: power, strength, and speed.

In addition, Myotest technology allows you to evaluate the power capacity - for this, you can set the number of repetitions performed on the device up to 15 in a row.

The disadvantage of the technique is the use of a standard weight weight, regardless of the body weight of the subject. To level this aspect in the NHL, a protocol is used, according to which the weight of the burden is 70-80% of the body weight of the subject (table 1).

2) To conduct the test, you must have Keiser equipment, a bench and a barbell with a sufficient number of "pancakes" to form a given mass of weights.

Figure 3. Bench press using the Keizer device

The athlete lies down on the bench and takes the barbell (of a certain weight according to table 1) approximately shoulder width apart. During the test, the buttocks should be firmly pressed to the bench, and the feet to the floor. When moving the bar down, the subject should touch the chest with the bar approximately on the axillary line, when moving up - with a sharp movement, completely straighten his arms. The subject's task is to demonstrate maximum power. 3 attempts are given. Two indicators are fixed: power (W) and power (W / kg).

Table 1. Weight scale

Table 2. Grading scale for NHL hockey players

Tests to assess speed-strength abilities and power using other equipment

Margaria test (Margaria)

To assess the maximum anaerobic-alactate power in the field, the Margaria test is used. For its implementation, it is necessary to have a timing system, as well as a staircase consisting of at least 9 steps, in front of which there is a flat 6-meter zone (Figure 4). The first sensors of the timing system are set at step 3, and the second ones at step 9.

Performance:

Figure 4. Schematic representation of the Margaria test

The subject stands at a distance of 6 meters in front of the stairs. The task is to run up it as quickly as possible. When an athlete runs into the 3rd step, the stopwatch turns on, at 9th it turns off. Thus, the time to overcome the distance between these steps is recorded (Figure 4).

To obtain the final result, the obtained data is substituted into the formula:

P \u003d (m x 9.807 * h) / t, (11.5)

where: P - anaerobic-alactate power, W; m - body weight of the subject, kg; h - vertical height between the first and second sensors of the timing system, m; t - running time from 1 to 2 sensors of the timing system, sec.

Table 3. Selected literature data based on the results of the Margaria test

The main disadvantages and difficulties of this technique include:

1) the subjective attitude of the subjects to testing - most often the fear of getting injured, especially at maximum speed);

2) different abilities of the subjects to show maximum speed in specific conditions of running up the stairs;

3) a small amount of information received about the dynamics of speed in the process of testing;

4) difficulties in the selection of stairs, standardized by the angle of inclination, the number and height of the steps.

Turning the body to the side using an isokinetic simulator

Figure 5. Turning the body to the side using an isokinetic simulator

The test is aimed at assessing the power displayed in a movement similar in its external structure to the throw of the puck. To conduct the test, it is necessary to have an isokinetic simulator, which (due to the high cost) somewhat complicates the use of this approach.

Performance:

The subject stands at a distance of about 1 meter with his right side to the handle of the simulator, legs slightly wider than shoulders, bent at the knees, the body is turned towards the handle, which the subject takes with two arms slightly bent at the elbows at chest level - this initial position(Figure 5). When ready, the athlete sharply with maximum effort turns the body and arms approximately 180° to the left, after which he calmly returns to the starting position. The subject makes several attempts, followed by rest until complete recovery. The test is then repeated on the other side.

A feature of isokinetic simulators is that all movements, regardless of the applied efforts, are performed at a strictly fixed speed. Thus, the built-in computerized system automatically determines the power of the applied efforts. The result is fixed.

Table 5. Grading scale for NHL hockey players

Jump tests to assess speed-strength abilities and power

Standing long jump

Figure 6. Standing Long Jump

Performance:

The athlete approaches the start line, feet are placed shoulder-width apart or slightly wider. Then the athlete raises his arms up, simultaneously bending in the lower back and rising on his toes. After that, smoothly, but quickly enough lowers his hands down and back; at the same time, it falls on the entire foot, bends the legs at the knee and hip joints, leaning forward so that the shoulders are in front of the feet, and the hip joints are above the toes.

Next is the extension in the knee and ankle joints. After repulsion, the jumper straightens his body. Then bends the legs at the knee and hip joints and pulls them to the chest. At the same time, the hands are laid back and down, after which the athlete straightens the legs in the knee joints, bringing the feet forward to the landing site.

At the moment the feet touch the landing site, the subject actively moves his arms forward, simultaneously bends his legs at the knee joints and pulls the pelvis to the landing site - the flight phase ends. The jump distance is fixed by the nearest

to the start line of the body part at the time of landing. After stopping, the jumper straightens up, takes two steps forward and leaves the landing site.

According to the results of examinations of more than 100 hockey players of various KHL clubs(Zankovets V.E., Popov V.P.) an evaluation scale was created for this test:

Table 6. Grading scale for hockey players of the KHL level

In the literature on hockey, you can find a scale for hockey players under 21, created by Yu.V. Nikonov:

table 7

Level of preparedness
Very low			Above average
forwards
defenders

Triple jump

Figure 7. Triple jump

The triple jump is a discipline athletics and borrowed from the program Olympic Games, where it has been in use since 1986. To perform the test, you must have a centimeter measuring tape.

Technically, a triple jump consists of three elements:

1) "jump";

3) "jump".

Performance:

The subject accelerates along the track to the repulsion bar. The jump starts from the bar and the length of the jump is measured from the same point.

start element- jump, the first touch behind the bar is made with the same foot with which the athlete pushed off.

After that, the second element of the jump is performed - a step (touching the ground is performed with the other leg).

Final element- this is actually a jump, and the subject makes a landing as in a long jump from a place.

The jump is performed in one of two ways: from the right foot - “right, right, left” or from the left foot - “left, left, right”.

Measure the distance from the baseline to the heel closest to the line. The best result counts.

Fivefold jump

A measuring tape is required to perform the test.

Performance:

The jump is made from the initial position of the legs shoulder-width apart, half-bent at the knees, arms laid back, body moved forward.

The subject swings his arms and, pushing off with both legs, jumps from the start line to the maximum possible distance, followed by landing on two legs, as in a long jump.

The second, third, fourth and fifth jumps are performed with pushes of one leg - alternately right-left-right-left (or vice versa), while after the last jump the subject lands on two legs. The distance of the jump is fixed at the part of the body closest to the start line at the moment of landing.

There is another variation of this test, during which the subject performs all five jumps with two legs. In other words, five long jumps in a row.

Table 8. Indicators of the level of preparedness of highly qualified hockey players recommended by the Russian Ice Hockey Federation

Table 9. Evaluation of highly qualified hockey players according to Savin V.P.

table 10

Tenfold jump

A measuring tape is required to perform the test.

Performance:

During this test, the subject assumes the starting position as in a standing long jump. Then the subject makes ten jumps from one foot to the other, landing after the last one on two legs. The distance of the jump is fixed at the part of the body closest to the start line at the moment of landing.

As in the previous test, there is another variation of this control exercise, during which the subject performs all ten jumps in a row, landing on two feet after each.

table 11

Level of preparedness
Very low		Average . To perform the test, you must have a centimeter measuring tape. Performance: The athlete approaches the start line and stands on the right leg, the second one is held in the air bent at the hip and knee joints. Then the athlete raises his arms up, simultaneously bending in the lower back and rising to the toe of the leg standing on the floor. After that, smoothly, but quickly enough lowers his hands down and back; simultaneously descends to the entire foot, bends the right leg at the knee and hip joint, leaning forward so that the shoulders are in front of the right foot, and hip joint was above the toe. Next, extension is performed at the knee and ankle joints right leg. After repulsion, the subject straightens his body, while his left leg remains in a folded position. Then he bends his right leg at the knee and hip joints and pulls both legs to his chest. At the same time, the hands are laid back and down, after which the athlete straightens the legs in the knee joints, bringing the feet forward to the landing site. At the moment of touching the landing site with both legs, the subject actively brings his arms forward, simultaneously bends his legs at the knee joints and pulls the pelvis to the landing site - the flight phase ends. The distance of the jump is fixed at the part of the body closest to the start line at the moment of landing. After stopping, the athlete straightens up, takes two steps forward and leaves the landing site. The subject is given three attempts. The best result is recorded. The test is then repeated for the left leg. Table 12. Grading scale for NHL hockey players Lateral long jump from a place with one leg Figure 9. Lateral long jump from a place with one leg Another modification of the standard standing long jump. A distinctive feature of this technique, in addition to using only one leg, is the side jump. Obviously, this, not quite familiar, direction of the long jump is due to the specifics of skating - hockey players have to perform many movements at different angles relative to the center of the body. So, for example, lateral movements are an integral part of the technical arsenal of both field players and goalkeepers. In addition, like the single-leg standing long jump, this test is able to reveal an imbalance between limbs in the ability to develop power in this particular movement. The negative aspect of this technique is an increased level of injuries - the test imposes a high load on the inguinal region during repulsion and on knee joints upon landing. A measuring tape is required to perform the test. Performance: The subject becomes the right foot with the inner (adaxial) side of the foot to the start line, the second one is held in the air. Then he raises his arms up, then smoothly, but quickly enough, lowers his arms down and to the right, bends his right leg at the knee and hip joint, leaning forward and to the left so that the shoulders are in front of the right foot, and the hip joint is above the toe.