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The history of ice hockey. The history of the origins of ice hockey. The emergence of professional teams and leagues

The history of ice hockey is one of the most contested of all sports. Traditionally, Montreal is considered the birthplace of hockey, although more recent studies point to the primacy of Kingston (Ontario) or Windsor (Nova Scotia). Even before the advent of hockey in the 16th century, games with a ball and sticks on ice existed in Holland. Then similar games originated in England and Scandinavia, where they later evolved into ice hockey in the 19th century. But despite this, Canada is still considered the birthplace of modern ice hockey.

There are many versions of the origin of hockey in Canada, one of them is that field hockey first appeared in England. When Great Britain conquered Canada from France in 1763, English riflemen brought it to Halifax, whose residents became interested in the new game. Since Canadian winters are very harsh and long, winter sports have always been welcomed in this area. By attaching cheese cutters to their boots, English- and French-speaking Canadians played the game on frozen rivers, lakes and other bodies of water. At first they played not with a puck, but with a heavy ball, and the team size reached 50 or more players on each side. In Nova Scotia and Virginia, there are old paintings of people playing hockey.

The first formal game took place in 1855 in Kingston, Ontario, with teams drawn from the Royal Canadian Fusiliers, troops of the Imperial Army. And the first official match took place on March 3, 1875 in Montreal at the Victoria skating rink, information about which was recorded in the Montreal newspaper "Montreal Gazette". Each team consisted of nine people. They played with a wooden puck, and protective equipment borrowed from baseball. For the first time, hockey goals were installed on the ice.

In the 1870s. Ice hockey in Canada was a compulsory game for everyone sports holidays. In 1877, several students at Montreal's McGill University invented the first seven rules of hockey. In 1879 Canadian UV. Robertson formulated the rules of hockey, and at the same time a rubber puck was proposed for the game. After some time, the game became so popular that in 1883 it was presented at the annual Montreal Winter Carnival. In 1885, the Amateur Hockey Association was founded in Montreal.

First official rules Ice hockey games were published in 1886, and have survived to this day as much as possible. According to them, the number of field players was reduced from nine to seven, on the ice there was a goalkeeper, front and back defenders, a center and two forwards, and in front across the entire width of the field there was a rover - the strongest hockey player who was the best at throwing pucks. The team played the entire match with the same lineup, and by the end of the game the athletes were literally crawling on the ice from fatigue, because only the player who was injured was allowed to be replaced (and then in the last period and only with the consent of the opponents). The author of the new code of rules was the Canadian R. Smith. In 1886, the first international meeting was held between Canadian and English teams.

In 1890, the province of Ontario held a championship for four teams. Soon there were indoor skating rinks with natural ice. To prevent it from melting, narrow slits were cut in the walls and roofs to allow cold air to enter. In 1899, the world's first indoor hockey stadium with an artificial ice rink was built in Montreal, designed for an unprecedented number of spectators - 10,000 people. In the same year, the Canadian Amateur Hockey League was founded.

The game of hockey became so popular that in 1893, the Governor General of Canada, Lord Frederick Arthur Stanley, purchased a cup, similar to an inverted pyramid of silver rings, for 10 guineas to present to the national champion. This is how the legendary trophy appeared - the Stanley Cup. At first, amateurs fought for it, and since 1910, professionals too.

In 1900, a net appeared on the goal, made for the first time from a fishing net; it made it possible to accurately determine whether a goal was scored against the team. After this, disputes about scoring a puck, which sometimes led to team fights, stopped - it became much more convenient for the referees and hockey players to monitor the scoring. Then they began to hang a metal net on the gate. It was durable, but after being hit the puck would fly back and sometimes injure the goalie or a player near the goal. This deficiency was corrected by using a second rope net stretched inside the gate to soften the blow. Today's network combines these two networks. The referee's metal whistle, which stuck to his lips from the cold, was replaced by a bell, and soon a plastic whistle. At the same time, a puck throw-in was introduced (previously, the referee used to move the opponents’ sticks towards the puck lying on the ice with his hands and, having blown the whistle, moved to the side so as not to get hit with the stick).

The first professional hockey team was created in Canada in 1904. In the same year, hockey players switched to a new playing system - “six on six”. Was installed standard size the grounds are 56 x 26 m, which has remained almost unchanged since then. After four seasons, there was a complete division into professionals and amateurs. For the latter, the Allan Cup was established, which has been played since 1908. Its owners subsequently represented Canada at the World Championships.

At the beginning of the 20th century, Europeans became interested in Canadian hockey. The First Congress, held on May 15-16, 1908 in Paris, founded International Federation ice hockey (LIHG), which initially united four countries - France, Great Britain, Switzerland and Belgium. From the birth of the game until 1903, Europeans played on natural ice. The first artificial ice appeared in London, after which the improvement of skating rinks and the construction of new ones began. And soon Great Britain was able to develop hockey to a professional level, but not for long... The war on hockey, like all other sports, had a great negative impact...

In 1911, the LIHG officially adopted the Canadian rules of hockey. The Canadian Hockey Association was formed in 1914, and in 1920 it became a member of the International Federation. In 1920, the first meeting took place in an official tournament - at the Olympic Games, which were also considered the world championships - between teams from the Old and New Worlds. The Canadians confirmed their fame as the strongest hockey power in the world. Canadians also won at the 1924 and 1928 Olympic tournaments. In 1936, Great Britain won the Olympic title from the Canadians, who had held it for 16 years.

To increase the entertainment and speed of the game, the replacement of athletes was allowed in 1910. In the same year, the National Hockey Association (NHA) emerged, which became the successor to the famous National hockey league(NHL) appeared in 1917.

Many innovations belong to the hockey players Patrick brothers - James, Craig and Lester (the latter became a famous hockey figure). On their initiative, each player was assigned a number, points began to be awarded not only for goals, but also for assists (the “goal + pass” system), hockey players were allowed to pass the puck forward, and goalkeepers were allowed to take their skates off the ice. The game has since started to last three periods of 20 minutes each.

Goalkeepers did not wear masks until 1929, when Clint Benedict, who played for Canadian club The Montreal Maroons took to the ice for the first time, but it was not officially approved immediately. In 1934, the free throw - shootout - was legalized. In 1945, multi-colored lights were installed behind the goal to more accurately count goals scored (“red” means a goal, “green” means no goal was scored). In the same year, triple refereeing was introduced: a chief referee and two assistants (linesmen). In 1946, a system of referee gestures for specific violations of the rules was legalized.

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The history of ice hockey is one of the most contested of all sports. Traditionally, Montreal (Canada) is considered the birthplace of hockey (although more recent studies point to the primacy of Kingston, Ontario or Windsor, Nova Scotia). However, some other 16th-century Dutch paintings depict many people playing a hockey-like game on a frozen canal. But despite this, Canada is still considered the birthplace of modern ice hockey.

When Great Britain conquered Canada from France in 1763, the soldiers brought field hockey with them to this land. Since Canadian winters are very harsh and long, winter sports have always been welcomed in this area. By attaching cheese cutters to their boots, English- and French-speaking Canadians played the game on frozen rivers, lakes and other bodies of water. In Nova Scotia and Virginia, there are old paintings of people playing hockey.

On March 3, 1875, the first event was held at the Victoria Skating Rink in Montreal. hockey match, information about which was recorded in the Montreal newspaper “Montreal Gazette”. Each team consisted of nine people. They played with a wooden puck (“shinny”), and the protective equipment was borrowed from baseball. For the first time, hockey goals were installed on the ice.

In 1877, several students at Montreal's McGill University invented the first seven rules of hockey. In 1879 they made a rubber washer. After some time, the game became so popular that in 1883 it was presented at the annual Montreal Winter Carnival. In 1885, the Amateur Hockey Association was founded in Montreal.

The rules of the game of hockey were improved, streamlined and printed in 1886. According to them, the number of field players decreased from nine to seven, on the ice there was a goalkeeper, front and back defenders, a center and two forwards, and in front across the entire width of the field there was a rover (English rover - tramp) - the strongest hockey player, the best puck thrower. The team played the entire match with the same lineup, and by the end of the game the athletes were literally crawling on the ice from fatigue, because only the player who was injured was allowed to be replaced (and then in the last period and only with the consent of the opponents). That same year, the first international meeting was held between Canadian and English teams.

In 1900, a net appeared on the gate. Thanks to this new product, the debate about whether a goal was scored or not was stopped. The referee's metal whistle, which stuck to his lips from the cold, was replaced by a bell, and soon a plastic whistle. At the same time, a puck throw-in was introduced (previously, the referee used to move the opponents’ sticks towards the puck lying on the ice with his hands and, having blown the whistle, moved to the side so as not to get hit with the stick).

The first professional hockey team was created in Canada in 1904. In the same year, hockey players switched to a new playing system - “six on six”. A standard site size was established - 56 x 26 m, which has changed little since then. After four seasons, there was a complete division into professionals and amateurs. For the latter, the Allan Cup was established, which has been played since 1908. Its owners subsequently represented Canada at the World Championships.

At the beginning of the 20th century, Europeans became interested in Canadian hockey. The Congress in Paris in 1908 founded the International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF), which initially united four countries - Belgium, France, Great Britain and Switzerland. The Canadian Hockey Association (CAHA) was formed in 1914, and in 1920 it became a member of the International Federation.

To increase the entertainment and speed of the game, the replacement of athletes was allowed in 1910. In the same year, the National Hockey Association arose, and the famous National Hockey League (NHL) appeared only in 1917.

Many innovations belong to the hockey players Patrick brothers - James, Craig and Lester (the latter became a famous hockey figure). On their initiative, players were assigned numbers, points began to be awarded not only for goals, but also for assists (the “goal plus pass” system), hockey players were allowed to pass the puck forward, and goalkeepers were allowed to take their skates off the ice. The game has since started to last three periods of 20 minutes each.

In 1911, the IIHF officially approved the Canadian rules of the game of hockey, and the first world championship took place in 1920. In 1929, goalie Clint Benedict of the Montreal Maroons wore a mask for the first time. The hockey goalie mask was first used in 1936 in Berlin by Japanese goalie Tanaka Hoima, not Clint Benedict. In 1934, the free throw was legalized - the shootout. In 1945, multi-colored lights were installed behind the goal to more accurately count goals scored (“red” means a goal, “green” means no goal was scored). In the same year, triple refereeing was introduced: a chief referee and two assistants (linesmen). In 1946, a system of referee gestures for specific violations of the rules was legalized.

Large arenas in the USA and Canada began to be built back in the 30s. XX century. Thus, in Chicago in 1938, a Sports Palace with 15 thousand seats appeared.

In 1920, the first meeting took place in an official tournament - at the Olympic Games - between teams from the Old and New Worlds. The Canadians once again confirmed their fame as the strongest hockey power in the world. The Canadians also won the Olympic tournaments (which were also considered the world championships) in 1924 and 1928. In 1936, Great Britain won the Olympic title from the Canadians, who had held it for 16 years.

In the USSR and Russia

The birthday of hockey in Russia and the USSR as a whole is considered to be December 22, 1946, when the first matches of the first USSR ice hockey championship were played in Moscow, Leningrad, Riga, Kaunas and Arkhangelsk.

In 1954, Soviet hockey players made their debut at the world championships and immediately took leading position in world hockey. Already the first meeting with the Canadians ended in victory for the Soviet athletes - 7:3. This victory brought the USSR national team its first world champion title. From 1954 to 1991, the USSR national team won gold at the World Championships 22 times and won the Winter Olympics 7 times.

In the 90s, the lack of stability prompted many leading players to seek their fortune in wealthy foreign clubs. Domestic hockey has lost its stars, and the only consolation can be the fact that most of them were not lost in foreign hockey, but on the contrary, they are leaders, including in NHL clubs, and thereby support the high brand of the Soviet hockey school.

During this period, the Russian team, having won the 1993 World Championship, remained for a long time without medals at all. And only recently has the Russian team begun to regain its former strength. And if at the 2007 World Championship in Moscow the Russians stumbled in the semi-finals, then in 2008, the year of the official 100th anniversary of hockey, they regained the title of world champions, beating the Canadians in Quebec, and on May 10, 2009 they confirmed their title by beating the Canadian team in the final of the 2009 World Cup, held in Switzerland, with a score of 2:1. However, despite the positive trend, in February 2010, in the 1/4 finals of the Olympic hockey tournament, the Russian team lost to the Canadians 3:7. That same year, the Russian team lost to the Czech Republic in the World Cup final with a score of 2:1. In 2011, the Russian team was only able to take 4th place, losing in the dispute for bronze to the Czech team with a score of 4:7. In 2012, the Russian team again rose to the highest step of the podium, beating the Slovak team with a score of 6:2 and not suffering a single defeat during the entire championship. The 2013 championship ended for the Russian team in the quarterfinals with a 3:8 defeat from the US team. In 2014, the Russian team lost to the Finnish team in the quarterfinals of the Sochi Olympics (1:3).

Dear friends, today we are starting to publish a series of essays dedicated to the history of the development and formation of ice hockey. We think that this topic will be of interest to many.

The history of ice hockey is one of the most contested of all sports. Traditionally, Montreal is considered the birthplace of hockey, although more recent studies point to the primacy of Kingston (Ontario) or Windsor (Nova Scotia). Even before the advent of hockey in the 16th century, games with a ball and sticks on ice existed in Holland. Similar games then appeared in England and Scandinavia, where they later evolved into ice hockey in the 19th century. But despite this, Canada is still considered the birthplace of modern ice hockey.

The first formal game took place in 1855 in Kingston, Ontario, with teams drawn from the Royal Canadian Fusiliers, troops of the Imperial Army. And the first official match took place on March 3, 1875 in Montreal at the Victoria skating rink, information about which was recorded in the Montreal newspaper Montreal Gazette. Each team consisted of nine people. They played with a wooden puck, and their protective equipment was borrowed from baseball. For the first time, hockey goals were installed on the ice.

In the 1870s. Ice hockey in Canada was a mandatory game for all sports events. In 1877, several students at Montreal's McGill University invented the first seven rules of hockey. In 1879 Canadian UV. Robertson formulated the rules of hockey, and at the same time a rubber puck was proposed for the game. After some time, the game became so popular that in 1883 it was presented at the annual Montreal Winter Carnival. In 1885, the Amateur Hockey Association was founded in Montreal.

The first official rules of the game of ice hockey were published in 1886, which have been preserved as much as possible to this day. According to them, the number of field players was reduced from nine to seven, on the ice there was a goalkeeper, front and back defenders, a center and two forwards, and in front across the entire width of the field there was a rover - the strongest hockey player, the best at throwing pucks. The team played the entire match with the same lineup, and by the end of the game the athletes were literally crawling on the ice from fatigue, because only the player who was injured was allowed to be replaced (and then in the last period and only with the consent of the opponents). The author of the new code of rules was the Canadian R. Smith. In 1886, the first international meeting was held between Canadian and English teams.

In 1890, the province of Ontario held a championship for four teams. Indoor skating rinks with natural ice soon appeared. To prevent it from melting, narrow slits were cut in the walls and roofs to allow cold air to enter. In 1899, the world's first indoor hockey stadium with an artificial ice rink was built in Montreal, designed for an unprecedented number of spectators - 10,000 people. In the same year, the Canadian Amateur Hockey League was founded.

In 1900, a net appeared on the goal, made for the first time from a fishing net; it made it possible to accurately determine whether a goal had been scored against the team. After this, disputes about scoring a puck, which sometimes led to team fights, stopped - it became much more convenient for the referees and hockey players to monitor the scoring. Then they began to hang a metal net on the gate. It was durable, but after being hit the puck would fly back and sometimes injure the goalie or a player near the goal. This deficiency was corrected by using a second rope net stretched inside the gate to soften the blow. Today's network combines these two networks. The referee's metal whistle, which stuck to his lips from the cold, was replaced by a bell, and soon a plastic whistle. At the same time, a puck throw-in was introduced (previously, the referee used to move the opponents’ sticks towards the puck lying on the ice with his hands and, having blown the whistle, moved to the side so as not to get hit with the stick).

The first professional hockey team was created in Canada in 1904. In the same year, hockey players switched to a new playing system - “six on six”. The standard size of the site was established - 56 x 26 m, which has remained almost unchanged since then. After four seasons, there was a complete division into professionals and amateurs. For the latter, the Allan Cup was established, which has been played since 1908. Its owners subsequently represented Canada at the World Championships.

At the beginning of the 20th century, Europeans became interested in Canadian hockey. The First Congress, held on May 15-16, 1908 in Paris, founded the International Ice Hockey Federation (LIHG), which initially united four countries - France, Great Britain, Switzerland and Belgium. From the birth of the game until 1903, Europeans played on natural ice. The first artificial ice appeared in London, after which the improvement of skating rinks and the construction of new ones began. And soon Great Britain was able to develop hockey to a professional level, but not for long... The war on hockey, like all other sports, had a great negative impact...

Goalkeepers did not wear masks until 1929, when Clint Benedict, who played for the Canadian club Montreal Maroons, first went on the ice in one, but it was not immediately officially approved. In 1934, the free throw - shootout - was legalized. In 1945, multi-colored lights were installed behind the goal to more accurately count goals scored (“red” means a goal, “green” means no goal was scored). In the same year, triple refereeing was introduced: a chief referee and two assistants (linesmen). In 1946, a system of referee gestures for specific violations of the rules was legalized.

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1. History of hockey

On March 3, 1875, the first hockey match was held in Montreal at the Victoria skating rink, information about which was recorded in the Montreal newspaper Montreal Gazette. Each team consisted of nine people. They played with a wooden puck (“shinny”), and the protective equipment was borrowed from baseball. For the first time, hockey goals were installed on the ice.

In 1911, the IIHF officially approved the Canadian rules of the game of hockey, and the first world championship took place in 1920. In 1929, goalie Clint Benedict of the Montreal Maroons wore a mask for the first time. In 1934, the free throw was legalized - the shootout. In 1945, multi-colored lights were installed behind the goal to more accurately count goals scored (“red” means a goal, “green” means no goal was scored). In the same year, triple refereeing was introduced: a chief referee and two assistants (linesmen). In 1946, a system of referee gestures for specific violations of the rules was legalized.

Large arenas in the USA and Canada began to be built back in the 30s. XX century. Thus, in Chicago in 1938, a Sports Palace with 15 thousand seats appeared.

2. The emergence and development of hockey in Russia

In pre-revolutionary Russia, ice hockey was not cultivated. Attempts by some sports clubs to join the new game led to the fact that back in 1911 Russia entered into the one created three years earlier International League ice hockey (LIHG). However, the puck did not gain distribution, and the All-Russian Hockey Union soon left the LIHG.

After 1917, bandy (Russian hockey, also known as “bandy”) was especially popular in our country. Moreover, there were even women's hockey teams. Puck was played sporadically, mostly by students physical education universities who studied this sport as part of curriculum. Ice hockey did not develop further in 1932, when hockey players of the German Workers' Sports Union played several matches in the USSR. Our team, which included ball hockey players, beat the guests from the Fithe club with a score of 3:0.

Here is what the magazine “Physical Culture and Sports” wrote about the new game at that time (1932, No. 9): “The game is of a purely individual and primitive nature, is very poor in combinations and in this sense does not withstand any comparison with “bandy.” The question of whether we should cultivate Canadian hockey can be answered in the negative...”

The starting point in the development of domestic ice hockey is the decision of the All-Union Committee on Physical Culture and Sports to hold the USSR Championship in the 1946-47 season.

For the first time, the organization of competitions was carried out by the All-Union Hockey Section, and since 1959 - by the Hockey Federation, which united bandy and ice hockey, which in 1967 was divided into the Hockey Federation (ice hockey) and the Bandy and Field Hockey Federation.

On April 1, 1952, the hockey organization of the Soviet Union joined the LIHG, which since 1978 has been called the IIHF.

On December 22, 1946, the first USSR hockey championship started with matches in Moscow, Leningrad, Kaunas, Riga and Arkhangelsk. The first goal was scored by the player-coach of the capital's Dynamo, Arkady Chernyshev. Already on January 26, 1947, the first national hockey champion was determined. The Dynamo (Moscow) hockey players won gold medals.

Hockey in those years bore little resemblance to the current game. The area was limited by low, unsecured plywood sides, which moved to the side at the first touch. There could be no talk of any kind of power struggle on such sides, in the modern sense. Only goalkeepers wore quilted jackets, padded trousers and pads, which were used in bandy. There were no trap gloves for them then, as well as helmets and masks. As a rule, the match consisted of a goalkeeper and five players on each side, who were all game time could be on the ice without substitutions. But that was only the beginning. With each season, the equipment and equipment of hockey players improved.

Domestic hockey developed by leaps and bounds. International matches became a big event in 1948 Soviet hockey players, then under the flag of the Moscow team, with the Czechoslovak team LTC (Prague). The guests included players who formed the basis of their country's national team, which had won gold medals at the World Championships a year earlier (albeit in the absence of the Canadians, the founders of hockey, at that tournament in Prague). Those distant friendly matches showed that our hockey players can not only compete with the leading teams in the world on equal terms, but also outplay them. In the first game on February 28 on the ice of the Dynamo Central Stadium, the Muscovites won 6:3. Soviet hockey players were distinguished by excellent skating technique and high-speed play. And this is not surprising - most of them went through bandy school, and some continued to combine performances in both sports.

In 1949, a hockey player was awarded the title of “Honored Master of Sports” for the first time. It was Anatoly Tarasov.

The next season was marked by two events: on February 18, 1951, the first winner of the USSR Cup was the Krylya Sovetov team (Moscow), which in the final defeated the then national champion - the MVO Air Force with a score of 4: 3, and readers saw the first Soviet book about hockey called "Hockey". Its author was Anatoly Vladimirovich Tarasov.

In the 1951-52 season. In the USSR, the first television report about a hockey match was carried out.

1954 - a phenomenal triumph of domestic hockey in the debut world championship. For the first time participating in competitions of this rank, held on the ice of Sweden, the Soviet Union team, led by its unsurpassed leader Vsevolod Bobrov, became the champion, defeating the Canadians in the decisive match - 7:2. Bobrov was the first of our hockey players to be recognized as the best forward at tournaments of this level. The team was coached by Arkady Ivanovich Chernyshev and Vladimir Kuzmich Egorov.

1956 - the golden debut of domestic hockey at the Winter Olympic Games in Cortina d'Ampezzo (Italy). Along with the gold medals of the Olympics, Soviet hockey players became winners of the highest awards of the World Championship and the European Championship. Vladimir Egorov, Anatoly Tarasov and Arkady Chernyshev were awarded the award established in in the same year, the title of “Honored Coach of the USSR.” In the same season, the first artificial ice rink in our country, the Sokolniki summer skating rink, was put into operation in Moscow.

On November 3, 1956, the Sports Palace was opened in Luzhniki (Moscow), long years which was the main hockey arena of the Soviet Union. From February 24 to March 5, 1957, the World Ice Hockey Championship was held for the first time in our country. On the Moscow ice, the USSR national team, without losing a single match, won only silver medals. In the decisive meeting with the Swedes, our hockey players only needed a victory. After two periods, the championship hosts led 4:2. In the third twenty minutes of this dramatic game, the Scandinavians scored two goals, achieved a draw, and with it the gold medals.

1957 - Vsevolod Bobrov was awarded the highest state award of that time (Order of Lenin).

In 1961, for the first time, a provincial team won medals at the USSR Championship. Gorky's Torpedo won silver, with Viktor Konovalenko shining in goal.

After a seven-year break, in 1963 in Sweden, the Soviet Union team became the world champion. This victory marked the beginning of a nine-year hegemony on the world podium for our team. The USSR national team was led for the first time by the Chernyshev-Tarasov duo.

The hockey tournament at the 1964 Winter Olympics in Innsbruck (Austria) ended in victory for Soviet hockey players.

On December 8, 1964, the most popular children's hockey tournament for the Golden Puck club prize was born, and already in March 1965, their first All-Union final took place in Moscow. It was these competitions that gave domestic hockey many “stars” who shone at ice arenas all over the world. The inspirer of these competitions for our children and the president of the club before last days his life was Anatoly Vladimirovich Tarasov.

On January 1, 1965, the title “Master of Sports of the USSR” was established international class" The first to receive it were the hockey players of the Soviet national team, in Once again winners of the World Championships in Finland.

On March 15-24, 1967, it was held for the first time in Yaroslavl international tournament junior teams of eight countries, which became the predecessor of the European Junior Championships (the first of which took place at the turn of 1967 and 1968 in Finland). Our team became the champion for the first time a year later - at the second continental championship in Germany.

November 30, 1967 - the first international tournament for the Prize of the Izvestia newspaper started on the ice of Luzhniki.

1968 In Grenoble, France, the USSR team wins gold for the third time olympic medals and at the same time excels in the European Championship.

On October 10-12, 1969, CSKA hockey players in Klagenfurt (Austria) successfully debuted in the final of the 4th European Champions Cup, winning this honorable trophy after defeating the local Klagenfurt (9:1, 14:3).

In February 1972, the USSR team once again won olympic gold in Sapporo, Japan. These were the last competitions in which the main team of our country was led by Chernyshev and Tarasov. Three times Olympic champions become Vitaly Davydov, Viktor Kuzkin, Alexander Ragulin and Anatoly Firsov.

September 2, 1972. The first match of the '72 Super Series with Canadian hockey professionals. The stunning success of the Soviet team under the leadership of Vsevolod Bobrov. The NHL legends were defeated with a score of 7:3.

From March 31 to April 15, 1973, the World Hockey Championship was hosted by Moscow for the second time. The competition ended with the unconditional victory of the USSR team.

In the 1973-74 season. For the first time, matches of the national championship began to be conducted by three referees: the chief referee and two assistants, and the first unofficial world championship among youth teams was held in Leningrad, which ended in victory for the hosts. In the spring of 1974, a portrait of a foreign specialist was placed for the first time in the Hockey Hall of Fame (Toronto, Canada). It became Anatoly Vladimirovich Tarasov. Next to the portrait are the words: “Anatoly Tarasov is an outstanding hockey theorist and practitioner who has made a huge contribution to the development of world hockey. The world should thank Russia for giving Tarasov to hockey.”

In September-October 1974, the USSR national team successfully played a series of eight matches with the Canadian national team, formed from professional stars of the World Hockey Association (WHA).

In December 1975 - January 1976, the first super series took place between club teams of the USSR and the NHL. CSKA and Krylya Sovetov in a difficult struggle turned out to be stronger than the overseas hockey players.

In February 1976, the USSR national team, after winning an exciting and dramatic match with Czechoslovakia, once again became the winner of the hockey tournament at the Winter Olympic Games in Innsbruck (Austria). However, at the 76 World Championships in Katowice, Poland, Soviet hockey players were content with only silver medals.

In September 1976, the first international Canada Cup tournament was held. Our country was represented by an experimental team led by Viktor Tikhonov, which failed to reach the finals.

December 1976 - for the first time, overseas professionals, represented by the WHA team “Winnipeg Jets,” took part in the traditional tournament for the prize of the Izvestia newspaper.

December 27, 1976 - January 2, 1977 the Soviet Union team became the winner of the first official championship world among youth teams.

At the 1977 World Championships in Vienna, the USSR team won only bronze. Organizational conclusions were not long in coming. Boris Kulagin was replaced as her senior coach by Viktor Tikhonov.

1978 The USSR national team in a difficult fight in Prague ice regains the title of world champions.

On November 10, 1978, Vyacheslav Starshinov (Spartak) was the first of our hockey players to score his 400th goal in the national championships.

February 8-11, 1979 - the USSR national team won the Challenge Cup. In a series of three matches, she emerged victorious over the NHL team, made up of the strongest hockey players in this league. In the decisive match, Soviet hockey players defeated their opponents - 6:0.

March 14-27, 1979 - Moscow hosted the World Championships for the third time. An enchanting performance by the USSR national team and yet another gold medal.

Misfire of Soviet hockey players at the 1980 Olympics in Lake Placid. In the decisive match, ours unexpectedly lost to the hosts of the competition, the US team.

September 1981 - victory of the USSR national team at the Canada Cup. In the final, the Maple Leaves were defeated with a score of 8:1.

February 1984 - victory of Soviet hockey players at the Olympics in Sarajevo (Yugoslavia). Legendary goalkeeper Vladislav Tretyak becomes an Olympic champion for the third time.

April 1986 - the fourth World Championship was hosted by Moscow. The Soviet Union team became the strongest on the planet for the twentieth time.

February 1987, a series of two matches “Rendezvous-87” between the national teams of the USSR and the NHL. Results - 3:4, 5:3.

February 1988 - Soviet victory hockey team at the Olympics in Calgary (Canada).

1989 CSKA, under the leadership of Viktor Tikhonov, became the national champion for the 12th time in a row. The beginning of the mass departure of our hockey players overseas.

1990 The hegemony of the Moscow army team on the hockey throne in the country, which won 32 times, including 13 seasons in a row, has been broken. The gold medals of the USSR Championship were won by the Dynamo Moscow hockey players. CSKA wins the European Cup for the 20th time. Based on the results of the overseas season best newcomer Sergei Makarov (Calgary Flames) is recognized by the NHL. He is the first of domestic hockey players received an individual prize from this North American league.

1991 For the first time since 1951, CSKA found itself behind the national championship medalists. The USSR Championship, which started in the fall of 1991, after the collapse of the Soviet Union in December, ended in the spring of 1992 as the CIS Championship.

February 1992 - our country’s team wins the Olympics for the 8th time. She is already winning gold medals in Albertville (France) under the name of the CIS team. Andrey Khomutov becomes a three-time Olympic champion.

Season 1992-93 - the International Hockey League (MHL) was organized. The first national championship under its auspices was held with the participation of 19 clubs representing Russia, 2 from Kazakhstan and 1 each from Belarus, Latvia and Ukraine. Weakened by the endless outflow of players overseas, the flagship of domestic hockey CSKA ended up 23rd in the final distribution of places.

1993 At the World Championships in Germany, the Russian team under the leadership of Boris Mikhailov won gold medals, the twenty-third and so far the last in the history of domestic hockey and the first under the tricolor Russian flag.

1994 For the first time, the gold medals of the country's champions were won by a non-Moscow club - Lada (Tolyatti). Olympic Committee Russia has decided to develop women's hockey in the country. In September, the Russian women's team played its first match.

December 1997 Replaced traditional tournament The “Baltika Brewing Company Cup”, held for the first time in Moscow, came to the Izvestia newspaper Prize.

February 1998 - professional hockey players from the NHL took part in the Winter Olympic Games in Nagano (Japan) for the first time. The Russian team under the leadership of Vladimir Yurzinov won silver medals.

February 1999 - the first victory of the Russians in the Euroleague. The hockey players of Metallurg (Magnitogorsk) distinguished themselves.

National championships since the 1999-2000 season. began to be held under the auspices of the Professional Hockey League (PHL), which replaced the RHL.

February 2000 - the second victory of Metallurg (Magnitogorsk) in the last Euroleague tournament.

April 29 - May 14, 2000 - the World Championship was hosted by St. Petersburg. The hosts of the tournament, represented mainly by NHL players, took only 11th place.

2001 - the Russian women's hockey team won world championship medals (bronze) for the first time. Only the representatives of Canada and the USA were ahead of the Russian girls.

April 24 - May 9, 2004 - World Championships in the Czech Republic (Ostrava, Prague). The Russian national hockey team remained behind the world championship medalists, taking 7th place.

August 30 - September 14, 2004 - World Cup. The Russian team, led by Zinetula Bilyaletdinov, stopped one step away from the semi-finals, losing to the US team in the final.

January 2006 - Dynamo Moscow won the European Champions Cup in St. Petersburg for the first time in its history.

January 2006 - HC "Lada" (Togliatti) won the Continental Cup for the first time in the history of domestic hockey.

February 10 - 26, 2006 - Olympic Games in Italy (Turin). The Russian national team under the leadership of Vladimir Krikunov took fourth place in the main hockey tournament of the four years, losing to the Czech hockey players in the match for 3rd place.

April 2006 - Kazan AkBars under the leadership of Zinetula Bilyaletdinov became the champion of Russia in hockey.

May 2006 - Having become the winners of the Swedish Championships the day before hockey games», Russian hockey players defended the title the strongest team Erohockeytour.

May 5 - 21, 2006 - World Hockey Championship in Latvia (Riga). After the bronze championship of the planet in Austria, the Russian national team remained only in fifth place.

Russian national team forward Alexander Ovechkin became the first player in the history of world hockey to be included in the symbolic teams for Olympic tournament(Italy) and the World Championship (Latvia).

3. The current stage of development of hockey in the country and the world

On May 26, 2014, the Russian national hockey team won the World Hockey Championship, which was held in Minsk. IN final match The Russians beat the Finnish team with a score of 5:2 (1:1, 2:1, 2:0).

Bibliography

hockey puck championship

1. "Sports games." A textbook for students of pedagogical institutes, edited by V.D. Kovaleva. Moscow, “Enlightenment” 2002, pp. 102-114.

2. Gik E.Ya. Gupalo E.Yu. Popular history of sports. M., ed. Academy, 2006, pp. 44-52.

3. Tarasov A.V., Hockey of the Future, 4th ed., M., 2009 P. 8-24.

4. Steinbach V.L. Great Olympic Encyclopedia. In 2 volumes. Volume 2: About - Ya. Olympia-Press, M. 2006, pp. 345-349.

Posted on Allbest.ru

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Boards

The site must be surrounded by plastic or wooden sides no less than 1 m high and no more than 1.22 m above the ice surface. Protective glass must be installed on the front sides of the rink and a protective net on top of the glass to prevent the puck from flying out of the rink and, as a result, hitting the spectators. In the middle part of the side board there are two doors that open inward, designed for players to exit onto the court. Two more doors are located opposite, on the bench for fined players.

Marking

The end lines (goal lines) are drawn 3-4 m from the sides. 17.23 m from the goal line there are blue zone lines, thanks to which the court is divided into 3 zones: the central zone and two opponents’ zones. In the center of the field there is a red line dividing the court in half, and a throw-in point located in the middle of the red line. On both sides of the goal, at a distance of 6 m, there are throw-in points with a throw-in zone with a radius of 4.5 m.

Penalty bench

Each hockey rink is equipped with two benches for fined players. Each bench must accommodate a minimum of 5 players. The minimum length of a bench is 4 meters, width is 1.5 meters.

Gates

Hockey goal

Gate design:

Width - 1.83 m (6 ft)
Height - 1.22 m (4 ft)
The outer diameter of the racks is 5 cm

Hockey goals are mounted on pins, for which holes are drilled in the ice. This technology ensures a fairly strong fixation of the goal on the surface of the court, but at the same time, the goal can move so that the player who collides with it does not get injured. From the center of the goal line with a radius of 1.8 m, the goal area is usually drawn:

in Russia, the length of the front line of the goal area is 3.6 m

Equipment

Much attention is paid to hockey equipment. Athletes take care to protect themselves as much as possible from painful hits from the puck and stick, from impacts when colliding with another player, from falling onto the board, etc. Previously, hockey player uniforms were heavy, and hockey players looked clumsy in them and felt discomfort.

The top uniforms and helmets of players on the same team must be the same color (the goalkeeper is allowed to have a helmet of a different color from the helmets of other players). Players' jerseys must be marked with numbers and names.

Game duration

An ice hockey match consists of three periods of 20 minutes of net time. Breaks between periods last 15 minutes. In the event of a draw at the end of three periods, additional time (overtime) may be assigned. In case of a tie, at the end of overtime, free throws (shootouts) are taken. The need for overtime, as well as its duration and the number of free throws, are specified separately in the tournament regulations.

Team compositions

Hockey. Goalkeeper.

Usually 20-25 players from one team enter a match. The minimum and maximum number of players is determined by the tournament regulations.

At the same time, six players must be on the field from one team: five field players and one goalkeeper. It is allowed to replace the goalkeeper with a sixth field player. Changes of players are possible both during pauses during a stop in the game, and directly during the game.

In addition to the referees on the ice, at each match there is a refereeing team located outside the ice. It includes:

two referees behind the goal
one secretary
one timekeeper
one informant judge
one video replay judge
two judges on the penalty bench
two record judges

Fines

In ice hockey, players are allowed to use so-called power wrestling (in women's ice hockey, power wrestling is prohibited). Power struggle involves contact game, game "body to body". However, not all contact play is permitted. Tripping, holding an opponent with your hands, holding a stick, playing with a high stick, hitting with your hands, elbows, attacking an opponent who does not have the puck, etc. are prohibited.

Penalty table

	Small (Minor)	Major	Disciplinary (Misconduct)	Disciplinary until the end of the game (GM)	Match Penalty (MP)
minutes	2	5	10	0	5
Reduces the number of players?	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes
Leaving the game?	No	No	No	Yes	Yes
Ends with a missed puck?	Yes	No	No	No	No
Recorded in NHL statistics	2	5	10	10	10
Recorded in IIHF statistics	2	5	10	20	25

Violations as part of strategy

Players can violate the rules deliberately. In some cases, they hope that the violation will go unnoticed and there will be no fine. Often the plan is to provoke a player from the other team into committing a fine. Some players, coaches and fans consider such provocation to be undignified behavior. Quite often, players break the rules in order to disrupt the mood of the opposing team or improve the mood of their team - fights are especially often used for this. A violation that prevents the opponent from scoring a goal is considered justified.

Types of fines

Minor (2 minutes) - the player is removed for 2 minutes without the right to be replaced. Given for minor violations: tripping, catching, dangerous play with a high stick, delaying an opponent with hands or a stick, delay of game, unsportsmanlike conduct, rudeness, etc. If the goalkeeper receives a fine, the fine is served by any player on the court choosing the coach of the offending team. If a player receives a disciplinary, game misconduct or match penalty along with a minor penalty, the minor penalty will be served by another player (as in the case of a goalkeeper penalty). Can be withdrawn early if a goal is scored. 2 minutes are recorded in the penalty time statistics.
Bench Minor (2 minutes) - When a Bench Minor penalty is assessed, any player of the offending team, other than the goalkeeper, designated by the Manager or Coach through the team captain, will be removed from the ice for two minutes, during which time no substitution for that player will be permitted. The designated player must immediately take his place in the penalty bench and serve the penalty as if the Minor penalty had been assessed against him.
Big (5 minutes) - the player is removed for 5 minutes without the right to be replaced. Given for gross violations: planned injury to a player, fighting, provoking players to fight, etc. Additionally, a disciplinary fine may be imposed. Any player of the captain's choice will serve the penalty. Cannot be withdrawn early. 5 minutes are recorded in the penalty time statistics.
Disciplinary (10 minutes) - the player is removed for 10 minutes with the right to be replaced. After the penalty time has expired, the penalized player may leave the penalty box at the first stoppage of play. A repeated violation by one player is punishable by a disciplinary penalty for the rest of the game. 10 minutes are recorded in the penalty time statistics.
Game Disciplinary (GM) - A player or team official is removed for the remainder of the game with the right to be replaced and sent to the stands. After the game, the referee must file a report, and the competition organizer may impose an additional penalty. The penalty time statistics are recorded as 20 minutes.
Match penalty (MP) - the player is removed for the rest of the game with the right to be replaced after 5 minutes, disqualified for the next match and sent to the stands. Any player who was on the court at the time of the violation, at the captain's discretion, serves a 5-minute penalty. After the game, the referee must file a report, and the competition organizer may impose an additional penalty. The 5 minute penalty cannot be removed early. The penalty time statistics are recorded as 25 minutes.
Penalty throw (PS) - if a player, going one on one with the goalkeeper, was attacked from behind in violation of the rules, the chief referee may award a penalty throw (shootout) to the goal of the offending team. All players must leave the court, with the exception of the goalkeeper of the offending team and the opposing field player. The puck is placed in the center of the field in front of the field player, the chief referee blows the whistle, after which the player begins to approach the goalkeeper and makes one shot at goal without the possibility of finishing. If the offending team was short-handed at the time the penalty shot was awarded and the penalty shot was scored, the penalty waiver rule does not apply.

If an offense punishable by a shootout is committed against a player entering an empty goal (i.e. the goalkeeper is replaced by a field player), the referee does not award a shootout, but counts the goal.

A minor (2 minutes), double minor (2+2 minutes) or major (5 minutes) penalty results in a shorthanded game. If the number of players is different, then one team has a numerical advantage (majority), while the other plays in the minority. A goal scored in a state of numerical advantage is called a realization of numerical advantage. In Russian there is no special term for the situation when a team, playing in the minority, does not concede a goal until the end of the penalty; in English this situation is called killed penalty.

There cannot be less than three field players on the court. If, during a three-player game, a player violates the rules and is sent off, then the expelled player is sent to the penalty box and replaced by another player, but in this case:

If a team played three against five, then the start of serving the penalty is postponed until the end of the next penalty. In this case, a player whose penalty time has ended can enter the court only when the game is stopped.
If a team played three against four or three, then serving the penalty begins immediately, and the opponents have the right to release the 5th or 4th player onto the court, respectively, for the duration of the penalty.

If the minority is caused by a minor penalty, then a missed goal removes the minor penalty.

If a goalkeeper or a player who was injured at the time of the violation is sent off, another field player will serve the penalty in his place.

In the case where the rules were violated, but the puck remained under the control of the injured team, a delayed penalty is imposed. The head referee raises his hand vertically, and with the other hand he brings the whistle to his lips and waits for the offending team to intercept the puck. During a delayed penalty, the goalkeeper of the affected team may leave the goal empty by changing to an additional skater. As soon as the offending team gains possession of the puck (sometimes even a touch is counted), the whistle blows and the offender is ejected. If a delayed penalty is implemented, no deletion occurs and penalty minutes are not recorded in the game report. Removing a goalie during a delayed penalty sometimes results in a missed goal when one of the players on the affected team accidentally kicks the puck into their own net.

Types of violations

Violations against players

Pushing your opponent on board
- The player spends power move, as a result of which the opponent hits the board with force Punishment
- A player injures a player as a result of being pushed onto the board Punishment
Thrusting an opponent with a stick
- A player tries to hit an opponent with the end of a stick Punishment: double minor penalty + disciplinary penalty
- A player hits an opponent with the end of a stick Punishment: major penalty + game disciplinary or match penalty
- A player injures an opponent by hitting him with the end of his stick. Punishment: match penalty
Wrong opponent's attack
- A player swoops, jumps or attacks an opponent incorrectly Punishment or match penalty
- Player injures player due to illegal attack Punishment: major penalty + game disciplinary or match penalty
Attacking an opponent from behind
- A player swoops, jumps, physically attacks or hits an opponent from behind Punishment: minor penalty or major penalty + game disciplinary or match penalty
- Player injures player due to attack from behind Punishment: match penalty
Step
- The player performs a power move in a cutting manner or at or below the level of the opponent's knees Punishment: minor penalty or major penalty + game disciplinary or match penalty
- Player injures player as a result of tripping Punishment: major penalty + game disciplinary or match penalty
Pushing an opponent with a stick
- A player pushes an opponent with his stick Punishment: minor penalty or major penalty + game disciplinary or match penalty
- A player injures a player as a result of a push with a stick. Punishment: major penalty + game disciplinary or match penalty
Elbow strike
- A player uses his elbow to strike an opponent Punishment: minor penalty or major penalty + game disciplinary or match penalty
- Player injures player due to elbow strike Punishment: major penalty + game disciplinary or match penalty
Exceptional rudeness
- A player commits an action not permitted by the rules that results or may result in injury to an opponent, team official or referee Punishment: match penalty
Fighting or rudeness
- A player deliberately throws off his glove (or gloves) during a fight or skirmish Punishment: disciplinary fine
- The player starts a fight Punishment: match penalty
- The player who is hit throws or attempts to hit back Punishment: minor fine
- The player is the first to enter into an already ongoing conflict Punishment
- A player who, when ordered by the referee to stop an action involving him, continues to participate in a fight, attempts to continue a fight, or attempts to interfere with a line judge in the performance of his duties Punishment: double minor or major + game disciplinary or match penalty
- A player or official who is involved in a dispute with a player or official off the playing surface Punishment: disciplinary penalty or game disciplinary penalty or match penalty
- The player is guilty of excessive rudeness Punishment: minor penalty or double minor penalty or major penalty + disciplinary action for the rest of the game
- A player grabs or holds a face mask or helmet or pulls an opponent's hair Punishment: minor penalty or major penalty + disciplinary until the end of the game
Headbutt
- A player attempts to hit or deliberately headbutts an opponent Punishment: match penalty
Dangerous play with a high stick
- The player plays dangerously with his stick raised high towards the opponent Punishment: minor penalty or major penalty + game disciplinary or match penalty
- A player intentionally causes injury with a high stick Punishment: major penalty + game disciplinary or match penalty
- A player accidentally injures himself with a high stick Punishment: double minor penalty
Holding your opponent with your hands
- The player delays the opponent with his hands or stick Punishment: minor fine
Holding the opponent's stick
- The player holds the opponent's stick with his hands or in some other way Punishment: minor fine
Stick hold
- The player obstructs or attempts to impede the progress of an opponent by holding him back with his stick Punishment: minor penalty or major penalty + game disciplinary or match penalty
- A player injures an opponent as a result of holding his stick Punishment: major penalty + game disciplinary or match penalty
- The player makes a delay with his stick on an opponent who is one-on-one with the goalkeeper Punishment: free throw
- The player makes a delay with his stick on an opponent who is going one-on-one with an empty goal Punishment: goal
Attack by a player not in possession of the puck (blocking)
- A player attacks or impedes the progress of an opponent who is not in possession of the puck. Punishment: minor fine
- A player from the players' bench or penalty bench uses his stick or his body to impede the progress of the puck by an opponent who is on the ice and taking part in the game. Punishment: minor fine
- A player, using his stick or his body, obstructs or attempts to obstruct the goalkeeper's movement while he is in his goal crease. Punishment: minor fine
- A player or official who is illegally on the ice while his team's goaltender is removed from the ice uses his stick or his body to impede the progress of the puck by an opponent Punishment: goal
Kick
- A player who kicks or attempts to kick another player Punishment: match penalty
Knee strike of opponent
- A player uses his knee to attack an opponent Punishment: minor penalty or major penalty + game disciplinary or match penalty
- A player injures a player as a result of an action involving the knee. Punishment: major penalty + game disciplinary or match penalty
Hit with a stick
- A player obstructs or attempts to impede an opponent's progress by striking him with his stick. Punishment: minor penalty or major penalty + disciplinary until the end of the game
- A player injures an opponent with a stick blow Punishment: major penalty + game disciplinary or match penalty
- A player swings a stick at another player during a conflict Punishment: major penalty + game disciplinary or match penalty
Attack to the head and neck area
- The player hits the opponent's head and neck area or visor or forces the opponent's head into the protective glass Punishment: minor penalty + disciplinary penalty or major penalty + game disciplinary penalty or match penalty
- A player injures an opponent as a result of an attack to the head and neck area Punishment: match penalty
Power techniques in women's hockey
- In women's hockey, a player performs a direct power move Punishment: minor penalty or major penalty + disciplinary until the end of the game

Other rule violations

Delaying the puck heading into the goal
- A player, having caught the puck flying into the goal, holds it in his hand or in any other part of his equipment (sweater, helmet) for more than 1 second:

Punishment: minor fine

Illegal possession of the puck (Goalkeeper)
- (In the NHL) The goaltender behind the goal is outside his zone and in possession of the puck, causing a delay of play.

Punishment: minor penalty (one of the field players serves the penalty instead of the goalkeeper)

Unsportsmanlike conduct by players
- A player off the ice uses offensive language or gestures or interferes with the work of judges or a fined player does not go to the penalty box or locker room Punishment: minor penalty, minor disciplinary penalty or match penalty
- The player challenges the referee's decision or deliberately knocks the puck away from the referee when he tries to pick it up or enters the referee's area when the head referee is talking to another referee Punishment: disciplinary fine
- A player on the ice uses offensive language or gestures. or hits the board with a stick or other object or refuses to go to the penalty box after a fight or picks up his equipment or continues actions aimed at responding to the opponent's actions or deliberately throws any equipment outside the arena Punishment: disciplinary fine
- The player expresses or makes references to race or ethnicity Punishment: game disciplinary penalty
- A player intentionally exerts physical influence on the referee (push, trip, forceful move) or spits at someone or his behavior interferes with the game Punishment: match penalty
- A player off the ice throws a stick or other object and this player can be identified Punishment: minor penalty + game disciplinary penalty
- An off-ice player throws a stick or other object onto the ice Punishment: minor bench penalty
Unsportsmanlike behavior on the part of team representatives
- Team representative uses offensive language or gestures or interferes with the judge's actions or hits the board with a stick or other object Punishment: minor bench penalty
- Team representative continues unsportsmanlike behavior Punishment: game disciplinary penalty
- Team representative expresses racial or ethnic identity Punishment: game disciplinary penalty
- A team representative grabs or hits the referee or interferes with the game or spits at the judge or makes an insulting gesture towards the judge Punishment: match penalty
- A team representative throws a stick or other object onto the ice and this team representative was identified Punishment: bench minor + game disciplinary penalty
- A team representative throws a stick or other object onto the ice and this team representative could not be identified Punishment: minor bench penalty
Game delay
- A player who is outside the defensive zone passes or introduces the puck into his defensive zone for the purpose of delaying the game (exception: the team is shorthanded) and his team has already been cautioned for this violation in the current period Punishment: minor fine
- A player or goaltender who is not being attacked by an opponent holds, pins, or advances the puck along the boards to stop play Punishment: minor fine
- A player or goalkeeper deliberately moves the goal Punishment: minor fine
- A player or goalkeeper intentionally moves a goal in his defensive zone during the last 2 minutes of the third period or during overtime Punishment: free throw
- A player or goalkeeper deliberately moves the goal when an opponent is one-on-one with the goalkeeper Punishment: free throw
- A player or goalkeeper deliberately moves the goal when the opponent is one-on-one with an empty goal Punishment: goal
- A player intentionally throws the puck out of bounds Punishment: minor fine
- A player or goalkeeper delays play to get his equipment in order. Punishment: minor fine
- An injured player refuses to leave the ice. Punishment: minor fine
- Team after scored a goal has more players on the ice than necessary to continue the game Punishment: minor team penalty
- The player takes his time to get into position for the throw-in Punishment: minor team penalty
- A player repeatedly enters the throw-in circle during one throw-in Punishment: minor team penalty
- The team does not put enough players on the ice after the break to continue the game. Punishment: minor team penalty
Violation of numerical strength
- The number of players on the court at one time exceeds the number allowed by the current situation (more than 5 field players when playing at full strength or more than the nominal number of players allowed by the current penalties imposed on the team)

Punishment: A bench minor penalty is imposed on any of the field players present on the court at the time of the violation, at the choice of the team being fined.

Violation of equipment rules
- A player or goalkeeper who has lost part of his equipment (except for his stick) or has intentionally or unintentionally violated the condition of his equipment (broken stick, broken helmet or other protective equipment) continues to take an active part in the game (in the NHL it is only prohibited to continue playing with parts of a broken stick in his hands , in other cases the rule does not apply)

Punishment: minor fine

Violations of the rules that are not punishable by a bench or disciplinary fine

Playing with a high stick
- The player tries to hit or hits the puck while raising bottom part sticks above your shoulder or above the level of the goal crossbar, without the risk of hitting your opponent with the stick Result
Hand pass
- The player, being outside his defensive zone, passes the puck to a teammate by throwing or hitting it with his hand. Result: stoppage of play, throw-in in the neutral zone if the rules are violated by the attacking team or in the defensive zone if the defending team.
Puck delay
- The player, having caught the puck, holds it in his hand, or in any other part of the equipment (sweater, helmet) for more than 1 second. Result: stoppage of play, throw-in in the neutral zone if the rules are violated by the attacking team or in the defensive zone if the defending team.

Statistics

Coaching staff

Head coach
Senior coach
Assistant coach

A game

Game tactics

Game tactics, despite the fact that it contains many options, techniques and methods, are of two types - defensive tactics and attack tactics. The choice of the type of tactics that a team or player will use depends on the situation on the field, namely, what position they are in - attack or defense.

Defensive tactics are used at a time in the game when the team does not have the puck and the opponent is dribbling to score a goal. The main task of the team and players is to neutralize the opponent and take the puck from him. Defense can be personal (when the fight for the puck is between two players of opposing teams), zone (when a player defends his part of the ice rink, which are divided depending on the functions of the players) and mixed (when the first two options are combined). One of the most popular defensive techniques, which does not allow the opposing team to conduct an organized attack, is pressing throughout the playing area.

Attack (or attack) tactics are chosen by the team when conquering the opponent's goal. Attack (like defense) can be individual, group and team. An individual attack depends on the personal skill of the hockey player, his control of the stick, the puck, the ability to “dribble” the puck, etc. The success of a group and team attack (when two or more players are involved in attacking actions) depends on the well-coordinated work of the team as a whole and their interaction together.

In terms of speed, the attack is divided into instantaneous (high-speed, when the number of passes is clearly distributed both in time and in the number of players) and positional (based on a long play of the puck in the opponent’s part of the field). There is also a distinction between an attack on the move (that is, a high-speed attack, limited in time and the number of passes of partners to each other) and a positional attack - with a long dribble and throwing the puck in the opponent’s zone. An attack on the move most often appears at the moment when the enemy has made a miscalculation and has not yet had time to switch from attacking to defensive actions, which makes it possible to take advantage of someone else’s mistake and score a goal. A prolonged attack has the disadvantage that the enemy has already managed to coordinate his actions and is ready to defend his goal. In this situation, feints, various actions and combinations help, which help confuse the enemy with non-standard attack behavior and the effect of surprise.

Notes

Sources

Encyclopedia for children. T. 20. Sports / Ch. ed. V. A. Volodin. - M.: Avanta+, 2001. - 624 p.: ill. ISBN 5-94623-006-9