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Topics on skiing in physical education. Presentation - skiing. The main variant of a simultaneous one-step move

Skiing is one of the most popular winter sports around the world. It is accessible to all ages, income levels and fitness levels, and is also extremely beneficial for your health. This message will talk about the long path of development of skiing and its emergence as a sport and hobby.

How did this sport originate?

At first it wasn't a sport. A long time ago people invented skis as a way to travel in winter while hunting and just across vast snowy terrain. Many excavations around the world indicate that they were man's faithful helpers wherever there was snow.

The study of ancient manuscripts makes it clear that skis existed already in the 6th century - it was then that the first written mentions of them began to appear. Gothic and Greek scientists and historians wrote that they observed special devices among the Finns, which they used to move through the snow while hunting for animals.

Vehicles on snow are exhibits of the museum.

But skiing began to be treated as a sport only in the 18th century.

The Norwegians were the first to notice this. In 1733, a decree was issued in Norway on preparation for skiing competitions. And already in 1767, full-fledged championships were actively held in most of the existing types of competitions - biathlon, racing, downhill and slalom.

Soon after, sports clubs for skiers were opened in Norway and then in Finland. A little time passed, and other European, Asian countries and the United States joined the ski movement. And soon sports organizations and sections were actively developing all over the world. At first they promoted skiing only among professionals, but then ordinary people came along and saw the democracy and accessibility of this sport.

In 1924, skiing competitions were included in the Olympic program thanks to the activity of FIS, an international federation that regulates sports activities and sets rules.

One of the main sports at the Winter Olympic Games.

This type of winter competition reached Russia only at the end of the 19th century. The official date of the birth of skiing as a sport in our country is December 16, 1895 - it was on this day that the first ski club opened in Moscow.

Ski sports

Sprint. This is a winter sports classic. Ski racing is an excellent way to train the cardiovascular system and human endurance.
Ski jumping. An exciting and dangerous sport! A skier must fly more than a hundred meters in the air, landing smoothly and skillfully, and this requires long training.
Skiing. One of the most popular and extreme winter sports that charges with adrenaline and trains endurance and concentration. The athlete descends over a distance of at least three kilometers at a speed of at least 100 km/h, and the record reached 200 km/h. Such a task requires the skier to undergo long training and carefully developed technique, as well as good physical fitness.

In our country there is a federation of alpine skiing and snowboarding, which trains athletes and holds various alpine skiing competitions.

Slalom. This sport is a descent from a mountain overcoming obstacles, namely flags that you need to go around. In order to practice slalom, you must first become a pro at regular downhill skiing without obstacles.
Freestyle. A spectacular and beautiful sport, which was included in the program of the Olympic Games in 1988. A skier descends a mountain slope and accompanies the descent with acrobatic tricks - somersaults, spins, flips, etc.
Biathlon. This is a type of skiing competition familiar to most: racing with free skiing techniques, combined with rifle or bow shooting. The athlete must get to the target as quickly as possible and shoot at it while lying down or standing two to four times. The target is located at a distance of 50 meters.
Snowboarding. Oddly enough, snowboarding also belongs to skiing competitions, despite the fact that skis are replaced by a special board. This is a much more dangerous sport than regular downhill skiing. Injuries happen twice as often here, so the athlete must use all the necessary equipment, and first of all, a helmet.

Descent from a snowy slope on a special equipment - a snowboard.

Due to the extraordinary popularity of skiing, it is not surprising that it is included in the school physical education curriculum, because it is useful, charges with positive emotions and improves health. There is a wide choice: some will enjoy a leisurely skiing trip surrounded by pine trees and listening to the singing of birds, while others will like extreme and dynamic sports. But in any case, it will be extremely beneficial for your health.

What are the benefits of this sport?

Firstly, Skiing strengthens the muscles of the whole body: legs, back, shoulders, arms and abs. The body will become stronger and stronger.

Secondly, dexterity and balance develop, After all, skiing requires coordinated work of the whole body and concentration.

Third, the cardiovascular system is strengthened, which will protect against heart attack and can prolong life if you ski regularly.

Fourthly, such cardio training requires considerable energy expenditure, which will allow you to maintain a slim figure.

And finally, fifthly - huge benefits for mental balance. Even simple skiing lifts your mood due to the production of so-called happiness hormones - endorphins. And this is very important for schoolchildren, who have to spend a significant part of the day in classrooms and at home doing homework.

Young conquerors of snowy peaks.

Skiing is one of the most harmonious sports. They train the entire body and cardiorespiratory system, but in a way that feels less like a grueling workout and more like a fun game and hobby.

Municipal budgetary educational institution

Basic secondary school No. 55

Skis and skiing in our lives

We learned to ski when we were 7 years old. At our school, ski training is a mandatory part of physical education lessons in winter. As soon as snow falls, in our village of Medvedevo, small and large skiers can be found on the sports ground, in the forest. We were curious, who invented skis and when? How many types of skis are there in the modern world? And why are skis lubricated? We decided to do some research. We learned to ski when we were 7 years old. At our school, ski training is a mandatory part of physical education lessons in winter. As soon as snow falls, in our village of Medvedevo, small and large skiers can be found on the sports ground, in the forest. We were curious, who invented skis and when? How many types of skis are there in the modern world? And why are skis lubricated? We decided to do some research.

Introduction

Expand your area of personal knowledge on the topic “Skiing”.

Expand your area of personal knowledge on the topic “Skiing”.
Find answers to your questions.
Determine experimentally the effect of ski waxes on gliding.
Find out children's attitudes towards sports.
To prove to the children by example the importance of physical education and sports in our lives.

Research objectives:

Collect information from the history of skiing.

Collect information from the history of skiing.
Find out what types of skis there are.
Find out the effect of ski waxes on gliding.
Learn how to prepare skis for skiing in practice.

Research objectives:

Skis are an amazing invention of primitive man. Skis are an amazing invention of primitive man. In distant historical times, it was very difficult to get food and move from one settlement to another in winter through deep snow. Then the man discovered that by tying two specially shaped pieces of wood to his feet, he could move faster through snow-covered fields and forests. The history of skiing goes back several thousand years. This is confirmed by cave paintings in caves in Norway, made about 7,000 years ago. Many centuries later, skis began to be used by the armies of the Scandinavian countries, then by the military in Russia.

History of skiing

There are several types of skis, all of them are designed for different purposes, have different shapes, lengths, weights, and are used in different sports.

Since the invention of skis, people have sought to improve their glide. Since the invention of skis, people have sought to improve their glide. In ancient times, skis were lined with animal skins. This coating ensured good forward sliding while preventing reverse slipping. Over time, people came up with the idea of lubricating skis with wax and lard, and gliding improved significantly.

Ski ointment

Nowadays, no one treats skis with natural fats; everyone uses special ski ointments. Modern ointments are divided into two types: gliding lubricants and grip lubricants. Each ski wax is applicable at a certain air temperature.

Wooden skis must be impregnated with a special resin, then they do not get wet when skiing on warm days and the snow sticks to them less.

Wooden skis must be impregnated with a special resin, then they do not get wet when skiing on warm days and the snow sticks to them less.
Plastic skis glide well, but in both directions. Therefore, for a classic stroke, grip lubricant must be applied to the central part of the ski. Apply sliding lubricant to the remaining surface. When skating, the entire surface of the skis must be covered with a gliding lubricant.

We have experimentally established:

This Gounde pack for ski wax includes red wax for weather (+1° - 0°), purple for (0° - 3°), blue for (-3° - 9°) and a rubbing plug. In practice, in different weather, I used all types of ointment and found out: This set of Gounde pack for lubricating skis includes red ointment for weather (+1° - 0°), purple for (0° - 3°), blue for (- 3° – 9°) and a grinding plug. In practice, in different weather, I used all types of ointment and found out:

If the skis slip during the classic course, you need to put a warmer ointment under the block on top of the old one and rub it with a cork.
If the skis run poorly or don’t run at all, it means the ointment was chosen incorrectly and does not match the air temperature. You need to remove the old ointment with a scraper and apply a new one.

Skiing is a very necessary and useful sport. Skiing strengthens the body, develops endurance, strength and agility.

Skiing is a very necessary and useful sport. Skiing strengthens the body, develops endurance, strength and agility.
For people of any age, skiing provides vigor and cheerfulness, restores good sleep and appetite.
By skiing, people learn to overcome difficulties and strengthen their character; this is especially important for children.

Skiing and health

Sports in my life Classes in the sports section Participation in regional competitions Ski races for the prizes of G.F. Ilyin II place Participation in regional competitions Ski track of Russia - 2018 II place Sports in my family Yakovlev Ivan Aleksandrovich Boyarintseva Galina Egorovna My achievements Skis are an amazing invention of primitive man.

Skis are an amazing invention of primitive man.
In the modern world, there are more than five types of skis used for various purposes and in various sports.
To improve ski glide, it is necessary to use special ski lubricants correctly.
Skiing improves your health.

The significance of the project We would like our classmates to be captivated by our personal example, so that they can clearly see that achieving noticeable results in both sports and studies cannot be achieved by chance.

Yakovlev Alexander, 7th grade student

Head – Valentina Ivanovna Belkova, physical education teacher

Resources:

1. Magazine “Skiing”;
2. Free encyclopedia Wikipedia (Internet site).
Physical education grades 8-9 Authors: V.I. Lyakh, A.A. Zdanevich

Report on physical culture

"Ski moves"

Compiled by:

physical education teacher

Vasilyeva Natalia Nikolaevna

Lazazey village

Skiing is one of the most popular activities in the world. Practicing this sport is an important means of physical education and occupies one of the first places in terms of the nature of motor actions. Over the past twenty years, the science of sports, including the theory and methodology of skiing, has begun to develop at a rapid pace. If previously it mainly occupied an explanatory function and did little to help practice, now its role has changed significantly. Sports competitions are no longer just individual fights and not only team competitions, they are, first of all, a demonstration of the strength and skill of the athlete, and the high tactical thinking of the teacher-coach. Everyone who starts skiing sets a specific goal: one wants to become a champion, another is simply stronger and more resilient, a third wants to lose weight by skiing, a fourth wants to strengthen his will. And all this is possible. You just need to train hard regularly, without making concessions or discounts. Skiing includes several independent sports: cross-country skiing, biathlon, ski jumping, biathlon, alpine skiing. For these sports there are rules for conducting competitions and provision is made for the assignment of categories and titles in accordance with the requirements of the Unified Sports Classification. This stimulates systematic training and the growth of skiers’ sporting achievements. The named types of skiing are included in the programs of World Championships and Cups, and the Winter Olympic Games.

Of course, we cannot find out the name of the ski inventor. Skis as a means of facilitating movement on snow appeared before the beginning of our era, as evidenced by rock carvings discovered by Russian archaeologists A.M. Linevsky in 1926 and V.I. Ravdonikas in 1936 in the town of Besovy Sledki and Zalavrug near the White Sea . The first devices that people used when moving through deep snow were snowshoes, or walking skis. In Georgia, snowshoes were called tkhilamuri, that is, “woven from hazel.” These primitive devices changed significantly during use and gradually took the form of sliding skis. Sliding skis made it possible to significantly increase the speed of movement. Archaeological excavations in Novgorod (1953) indicate the further evolution of skis. Thus, the ski found there, dating back to the first half of the 18th century, is similar in design to modern hunting and household skis: its length is 1 m 92 cm, width 8 cm, the front end of the ski is pointed, curved upward, the cargo area 3 cm thick has a transverse horizontal hole for sock belt. The oldest ski, made 4300 years ago, was discovered in 1982 by A.M. Miklyaev in the Pskov region. The word “skis” appears in historical documents of the 12th century. Documents have also been preserved indicating the use of skis by troops against foreign invaders. The Nikon Chronicle for 1444 describes the campaign of the Moscow ski army, equipped by Grand Duke Vasily, to defend Ryazan.

The cycle of the main version of this move has the same phases as in the cycle of the high-speed version, but there are differences in the coordination of the work of the legs, arms and torso. In the main version of the move, after the end of the simultaneous push-off with poles, the skier. having switched to free gliding on two skis, he straightens his torso and moves his arms forward, without lunging with his foot, as in the high-speed version.

Simultaneous stepless movement

(pushing with two sticks at the same time)

Simultaneous one-step move (basic option)

Having taken a step, the skier moves the poles from the position with the rings towards him to the position with the rings away from him, and after pushing off with his foot, he must again position them with the rings towards him. Placement of poles on the snow and pushing them away is carried out at an acute angle. The entire period from the end of the push-off with the hands to the start of the next push-off with them is much longer than in the high-speed version. The cycle duration of the main version of the simultaneous one-step stroke is 12-1.6 s, the cycle length is 57 m. The stroke can be used under good sliding conditions on gentle slopes (13°), as well as on flat terrain with excellent sliding conditions (icy ski tracks, coarse-grained snow and etc.). Simultaneous two-step move This move is used on flat terrain under good and excellent sliding conditions. The simultaneous two-step cycle consists of two sliding steps, simultaneous push-off with the hands and free gliding on two skis. Cycle duration 1.72.1 s, length 810 m, average speed 5.06.5 m/s.

The analysis of movements in the stroke cycle begins from the moment the ski poles come off the snow after pushing off with the hands.

Simultaneous two-step move.

This move is the most difficult in terms of coordination. since "with each sliding step, the extension of the pushing leg is accompanied by a tilt of the torso and pushing off with the hands. It is advisable to begin the analysis of the movements of the stroke cycle from the moment the pushing off with the foot ends. The stroke cycle consists of two sliding steps. Each step includes pushing off with the foot (right or left), simultaneous pushing off hands and single-support sliding. Having completed the cycle, the skier overcomes 65 m on the plain, 410 m on the climbs in 1.22 s at an average speed of 3.58.5 m/s. The speed of the stroke is 3050 cycles per 1 min, the kick-off time is 0.25 0.45 sec. with hands 0.250.40 sec. When moving on the plain and on gentle slopes, four phases are distinguished in the cycle (in one sliding step): free single-support sliding, sliding with simultaneous pushing off with hands, sliding with simultaneous pushing off with legs and arms, sliding with pushing off with the foot. With an increase in the steepness of the climb, the phase structure of the stroke changes slightly. Under these conditions, pushing off with the hands begins almost simultaneously with pushing off with the foot, and three phases are distinguished in the stroke cycle: free single-support sliding, sliding with simultaneous pushing off with the leg and hands, sliding with pushing off with the foot.

Alternating two-step stroke

The alternating two-step technique includes 2 sliding steps. At the same time, pushes are carried out using different sticks. At the beginning of the free sliding phase, pushing off with the right foot ends, and the ski should be torn off the snow. Next, there is a transition to single-support sliding with the left foot. At the moment the right repulsion is completed and the sliding begins, the shin of the left lower limb should be in a vertical position. The push is sent in a straight line. At the same time, the stick is brought forward with the right hand. When sliding with the left ski, the movement of the right leg, slightly bent at the knee in the back-up direction, should be free and relaxed.

The shin of the supporting lower limb remains in a vertical position. The right hand continues to carry the stick, and the left hand should be relaxed and thrown back somewhat by inertia. In this case, the angle of inclination of the body does not change. Further, single-support sliding continues on the left leg. After the push with the right, the supporting leg is straightened. At the same time, the body begins to move “to take off.”

The right leg should be slightly bent at the knee, relaxed and in the extreme rear position. This creates favorable conditions for its swing forward. The lower end of the stick is brought forward with the right hand. The left upper limb is in a relaxed state in the extreme posterior position. Upon completion of the free slide, the swing forward of the right leg begins. The stick on the right is placed on the snow, and the left one should be brought forward. The push begins with an almost straightened arm. To begin effective repulsion, the stick is placed at an angle. The left arm is brought forward, the supporting leg is straightened, and the right leg is swung forward.

Alternating four-step move

The alternating four-step move is quite complex in its rhythm. The cycle of movements in this move consists of alternating four steps and two alternating pushes with sticks for the last two steps. Removing the sticks before pushing off is performed alternately for the first two steps in the stroke cycle. When moving on the plain, a skier covers up to 8-10 m per cycle at an average speed of 4-6 m/s. Most often, the alternating four-step move is used on the plain and gentle slopes with poor support for poles (when moving with a backpack on hiking trips), when movement with an alternating two-step move and simultaneous moves is difficult. Sometimes skilled skiers use this stroke to overcome long climbs, alternating stroke cycles with alternating two-step strokes. However, in recent years, the strongest skiers have begun to use this move less frequently during competitions, since it is inferior in speed to other moves.
In terms of coordination, this method of movement is one of the most difficult. However, all the basic elements of the move (sliding, pushing off with poles, skis) have already been studied when mastering the sliding step and the alternating two-step move.

Skating moves

Alternating skating

Alternating skating is used on steep climbs (more than 8°), as well as with soft ski tracks and poor sliding conditions on less steep climbs. Although this move is the least fast, its importance cannot be underestimated. The stroke cycle consists of two sliding steps, during which the skier pushes off with his hands twice alternately. Cycle length is 3-4.5 m. Duration is 0.8-1.15 s. average speed in the cycle is 3.5-5 m/s. stroke rate 55-75 cycles per 1 min. foot push-off time -0.20.3 s. by hand 0.25 0.35 s. Depending on the steepness of the climbs, the pace of movement, and technical skill, athletes use two options for alternating skating. In the first variant, the end of the push-off with the hand coincides with the beginning of the push-off with the foot, and more often the efforts of the hand and the foot are superimposed. With this option, the speed is maintained by the frequency of steps while shortening the sliding step. This stroke option is used on steep climbs, in poor sliding conditions, and in cases of physical fatigue, when the athlete cannot push off powerfully enough. In the second option, there is a phase of free single-support sliding (after pushing off with the hand and before pushing off with the foot). Let's consider the sequence of movements in the first version of the alternating skating stroke. Phase 1, sliding on the left ski with pushing off with the right hand, begins with the right ski lifting off the snow and continues until the fly (right) leg moves forward and to the side. The duration of the phase is 0.160.21 s. Sliding in this phase is supported by active extension of the right arm in the shoulder and elbow joints, as well as a slight (23°) tilt of the torso. When sliding, the skier extends the supporting (left) leg at the knee joint by 24-28°, at the hip joint by 20-24°, and tilts the shin by 7-10°. The skier pulls the fly (right) leg together with the ski towards the supporting leg, gradually bending at the knee joint. In this case, the angle between the ski and the direction of movement does not change, the heel of the foot is brought to the supporting leg. In this phase, the skier continues to bring his left arm forward, gradually bending it at the elbow joint, raising his hand almost to shoulder level. Phase 2, sliding on the left ski with pushing off with the left leg and right hand, begins with moving the swing (right) leg forward to the side and ends with the right stick being lifted off the support. The duration of the phase is 0.03-0.09 s. When, as a result of the active movement of the fly (right) leg forward - to the side, the skier’s feet come as close as possible, he begins to push off with his left leg, first extending it at the hip joint. At the same time, the skier finishes pushing off with his right hand, and continues to bring his left hand forward. Phase 3, sliding on the left ski with pushing off with the left leg (0.18-0.23 s) begins with the right stick being lifted off the support and ends with the left stick being planted. The skier continues to push off with his left leg, extending it at the hip and knee joints (he straightens his torso by 23°). The skier moves the swing leg, bent at the knee almost to a right angle, forward - to the side. At the same time, he finishes extending his left hand and places the stick on the support at an acute angle, and after pushing off, he begins to move his right hand down and forward. At the end of this phase, the skier places the swing (right) foot on the snow at an angle of 24° to the direction of movement. Phase 4 - sliding on two skis with pushing off with the left leg and the same hand begins with placing the stick on the support and ends with the lifting of the left ski from the snow. The duration of the phase is 0.09-0.16 s. The skier continues to extend the pushing (left) leg at the hip and knee joints, and extending it at the ankle joint ends the push-off. With the end of pushing off with the left foot and lifting it off the snow, the second sliding step in the stroke cycle begins, the movements in which are the same as in the first step.

The health benefits of skiing are great. Long-term skiing in the form of walks or during training sessions in clean frosty air, performing muscle work in favorable hygienic conditions significantly increases the overall performance of the body and its resistance to various diseases. Skiing is widely used as a means of active recreation. Skiing in a beautiful wooded area brings great pleasure, has a positive effect on the nervous system, improves the general condition of the body, providing high mental and physical performance.

Presentation on physical education “Skiing”

Winter sports Snow sports Biathlon Freestyle alpine skiing Cross-country skiing Nordic combined Ski jumping Snowboarding Mogul Ice sports Bobsleigh Curling Ice hockey Figure skating Speed skating Luge Short track Skeleton

SkiingSkis are a device for moving a person on snow. Skis were invented by northern peoples during the process of migration to areas with a cold climate and long winters. To survive, people needed to move through snow, sometimes very deep (more than a meter). Most likely, snowshoes were invented first. In the process of developing this invention, skis appeared. The second possible variant of the origin of skis is their origin from sleds. The skis are similar to lightweight sled runners.

At the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries, skiing appeared - a type of leisure activity that involved skiing at speed or for pleasure. Skis with different proportions appeared, more suitable for high-speed running - 170-220 cm long and 5-8 cm wide. Around the same time, ski poles appeared, significantly facilitating and speeding up skiing. Gradually, skis completely turned into sports equipment and took on a familiar look.

Types of skis Cross-country 1) Wooden 2) Plastic - Notched - Smooth last Classic Skate Mountain Racing Slalom Carving Universal Freeride Twintips

Cross-country skiing Cross-country skiing is a ski race over a certain distance on a specially prepared track among people of a certain category (age, gender, etc.). They belong to cyclic sports. At official competitions, the distance ranges from 800 meters to 50 km. In this case, one distance can consist of several laps. The main styles of skiing are “classic style” and “free style”.

Preparing skis for skiing.

SKI MOVEMENT TECHNIQUES Let's watch a 30-minute educational film;-)

Winter Olympic Games Olympic skiing is included in the program of the Winter Olympic Games, which have been held since 1924. These include: cross-country skiing, ski jumping, Nordic combined, alpine skiing, biathlon, freestyle, snowboarding. The birth of the Russian “King of Skis” took place at the XX World Championships in Falun (Sweden, 1954). It was 24-year-old Vladimir Kuzin, who won the 30 and 50 km distances and the ski marathon. The champion was awarded a large silver “Royal Cup” and awarded the title “King of Skis.” Soviet athletes first took part in the VII Winter Olympic Games in Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy, in 1956. The first participation was crowned with victories for men in the 4x10 km relay and women at a distance of 10 km. Vladimir Kuzin, Nikolai Anikin, Pavel Kolchin and Fedor Terentyev, and also Lyubov Kozyreva is the first Olympic champion among our skiers.During the years of participation in the Olympic Games, ski racers of the USSR-CIS among the five leading national teams of the world (Finland, Norway, Sweden, Italy) demonstrate an enviable leadership stability at the highest level.

Effects on the body Skiing is beneficial for the whole body. This sport can be classified as a hardening sport. Skiing strengthens the heart, muscle tissue, stimulates metabolism, develops coordination of movements, skiing has a good effect on the nervous and respiratory systems. By increasing and decreasing the pace of movement, you will give the body two types of stress at once. A fast pace will strengthen the work of the heart muscle and reduce your weight, while a slow pace will develop the respiratory system and have a beneficial effect on the nerves.

Name a few winter sports. What is skiing? Who invented them? When did skiing appear? What types of skis are there? Write the stages of preparing skis for skiing. When did the Winter Olympic Games begin? What is Olympic skiing? Write three ways to climb a mountain on skis. How does skiing affect the body?

ANSWERS Cross-country skiing, snowboarding, ski jumping, ice hockey, figure skating, speed skating, luge. Skis are a device for moving a person on snow. Skiing was invented by northern peoples during their migration to areas with cold climates and long winters. Skiing appeared in the late 19th - early 20th centuries Cross-country and alpine skiing Sanding, preparing skis for priming, priming, priming for base wax, applying base wax, applying powder Since 1924 ski racing, ski jumping, Nordic combined, alpine skiing, biathlon, freestyle, snowboarding. Herringbone Half Herringbone Ladder 10) Skiing is good for the whole body: skiing strengthens the heart, muscle tissue, stimulates metabolism, develops coordination of movements, skiing has a good effect on the nervous and respiratory systems.

The presentation was prepared by Yuri Kochetkov, 11 “B” Ride with pleasure!!!

IV.) Conclusion.

Skiing is a means of physical education for people of any age, health status and level of physical fitness.

Skiing in clean, frosty air significantly increases the body's resistance to a wide variety of diseases, has a positive effect on mental and physical performance, and has a positive effect on the nervous system.

During skiing lessons, the most important moral and volitional qualities are successfully developed: courage and perseverance, discipline and hard work, the ability to endure any difficulties, physical endurance, which is especially important in preparing young men for service in the ranks of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.

Skis are of great practical importance in everyday life and at various jobs in conditions of long and snowy winters in the northern and eastern regions of the country, where they are used by hunters, geologists, signalmen, and foresters.