The theme of physical education is skiing. Abstract on the topic: "Skiing". Report on the topic: “Skiing”

Skiing.

Introduction

1. History of skiing

2.1. Ski race

2.2. Nordic combined

2.3. Ski jumping

2.4. Skiing

2.5. Freestyle

2.6. Snowboarding

2.7. Biathlon

3.Conclusion

INTRODUCTION

Skiing is one of the most popular sports cultivated in the Russian Federation. The most popular, due to its accessibility and the nature of its impact on the body, is cross-country skiing at various distances. Practicing this sport is an important means of physical education and occupies one of the first places in terms of the nature of motor actions.

In most areas of our country, where the winter is long and snowy, skiing is one of the most accessible and popular forms of physical education. Physical activity during skiing is very easily dosed both in volume and intensity. This allows us to recommend skiing as a means of physical education for people of any age, gender, health status and level of physical fitness.

Performing moderate muscular work with the involvement of all major muscle groups in the movement in conditions of low temperatures, in clean frosty air, significantly increases the body's resistance to a wide variety of diseases and has a positive effect on overall performance. Walking and skiing in beautiful wooded areas with varied terrain have a positive effect on the nervous system, mental and physical performance.

Over the past twenty years, sports science, including the theory and methodology of skiing, has begun to develop at a rapid pace. If previously it mainly occupied an explanatory function and did little to help practice, now its role has changed significantly. Sports competitions are no longer just individual fights and not only team competitions; they are, first of all, a demonstration of the strength and skill of the athlete, and the high tactical thinking of the teacher-coach.

Everyone who starts skiing sets a specific goal: one wants to become a champion, another wants to simply be stronger and more resilient, a third wants to lose weight by skiing, a fourth wants to strengthen his will. And all this is possible. You just need to train hard regularly, without making concessions or discounts.

Skiing includes several independent sports: cross-country skiing, biathlon, ski jumping, biathlon, alpine skiing. For these sports there are rules for conducting competitions and provision is made for the assignment of categories and titles in accordance with the requirements of the Unified Sports Classification. This stimulates systematic training and the growth of skiers’ sporting achievements. The named types of skiing are included in the programs of World Championships and Cups, and the Winter Olympic Games.

2. Varieties of skiing sports

2.1. Ski race

Races are cross-country cross-country skiing competitions on a specially prepared track. Classic distances: for men - individual races of 10, 15 km (until 1952 18 km), 30 and 50 km, as well as a 4x10 km relay; for women - individual races of 5, 10, 15 (since 1989), 30 km (in 1978-1989 - 20 km), as well as a 4 x 5 km relay (until 1970 - 3 x 5 km).

Racing is the most widespread and popular type of skiing competition. The first competition in speed cross-country skiing took place in Norway in 1767. Then the Swedes and Finns followed the example of the Norwegians, and later the passion for racing arose in Central Europe. At the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries. National ski clubs have appeared in many countries. In 1924, the International Ski Federation (FIS) was created. The USSR joined it in 1948. In 2000, FIS had 98 national federations.

The length of the races can be very different - from 1 km at competitions for junior schoolchildren to 50 km at national and world championships, at the Olympics and to “ultra marathons” of 70 km or more. The complexity of the distance is determined not only by its length, but also by the difference in elevation, that is, the difference in elevations above sea level between the start-finish place and the highest point of the route.

Ski racing has been included in the programs of all Winter Olympics since 1924, and in 1925 world championships began to be held. Initially these were only men's competitions at distances of 18 and 50 km. But the program was constantly expanding. In 1952, women skiers took part for the first time at the VI Olympic Games in Oslo. At the end of the 1990s. skiers competed for Olympic awards in ten types of programs - five each for men and women.

At the First Winter Olympics in Chamonix in 1924, along with the Olympic awards, the winners and prize-winners were awarded world championship medals, which later became a tradition for all Olympic skiing competitions. Initially, the World Championships were held annually, then (starting in 1950) the FIS established a four-year cycle (even “non-Olympic” years), and from 1985 a two-year cycle (odd years).

In Russia, the first “skiing” competitions took place in St. Petersburg in 1894, the track was laid directly along the snow-covered Neva. The first Russian championship was held in 1910, and the first USSR championship in 1924.

In the 1920-30s. Soviet riders repeatedly competed in international competitions. In 1954, they took part for the first time in the World Championships in Falun (Sweden), where Vladimir Kuzin won two gold medals in the 30 and 50 km races and Lyubov Kozyreva in the 10 km race and relay.

The greatest successes in cross-country skiing were achieved by athletes from the Scandinavian countries and the USSR (Russia). Among Russian skiers: two-time world champion (1970) and two-time Olympic champion (1972) Vyacheslav Vedenin, four-time Olympic champion (1972, 1976) and five-time world champion (1970, 1974) Galina Kulakova, four-time Olympic champion (1976, 1980, 1992) and four-time world champion (1974, 1982, 1985, 1991) Raisa Smetanina, Olympic champion (1976) and world champion (1978) Sergei Savelyev, four-time Olympic champion (1980, 1984) Nikolai Zimyatov, six-time Olympic champion (1992, 1994) and three-time world champion (1991, 1993) Lyubov Egorova, three-time Olympic champion in the relay (1992, 1994, 1998) and fourteen-time world champion (1989-1997) Elena Vyalbe, five-time Olympic champion (1992, 1994, 1998) and nine-time world champion ( 1993-1999) Larisa Lazutina.

Among foreign racers, the highest results were shown by: Finns Veikko Hakulinen (three-time Olympic champion, 1952, 1956), Ero Mäntyranta (three-time Olympic champion, 1960, 1964), his compatriot Marja-Liisa Hämäläinen-Kirvesniemi (three-time Olympic champion, 1984), Swede Gunde Svan (four-time Olympic champion, 1984, 1988), Norwegian Björn Daly (eight-time Olympic champion, 1992, 1994, 1998), in 1999 awarded the title “Best Skier of the 20th Century”.

Over the 75 years of its history, cross-country skiing competitions have undergone many changes. In the mid-1980s. In connection with the emergence of a new running technique (“skating” or “free style”), the method of covering each distance was regulated by the rules and program of the competition. In addition, “pursuit races” appeared in the program, the starting order in which is determined by the results of the competitions held the day before (according to the so-called “Gundersen system”, which came into practice in Nordic combined somewhat earlier).

According to the rules of the competition, if the first races (30 km, men, and 15 km, women) are held in the classic style, then the last ones (50 km, men, and 30 km, women) are held in the free style and vice versa. According to the “Gundersen system”, on the first day skiers run in a classic style (10 km for men and 5 km for women), and on the next day in a free style (15 km for men and 10 km for women). In relay races, the first two stages are completed in the classical style, the third and fourth in the free style.

A special place in cross-country skiing is occupied by the so-called ultra-marathons. It began with the 90-kilometer Vasa-loppet run carried out in 1922 between the Swedish cities of Selen and Moro, named after the Swedish king Gustav Vasa, who made this crossing at the beginning of the 16th century. during the war of liberation with the Danes.

Ultramarathons are held in many countries around the world (including in Russia under the name “Ski Track of Russia” since 1983). 14 of them are united in the permanent competition system “World Loppet” (“World Ultramarathon”), created in 1978.

2.2. Nordic combined

Nordic combined (northern combination) is a type of skiing that includes a 15 km race and a 90-meter jump (originally with

70-meter) springboard. The competition is held over two days (jumping on the first day, racing on the second). Only men participate. Scoring is carried out according to the “Gundersen system” (developed by a Norwegian specialist): the difference in points obtained on the jump is converted into seconds, as a result, the participants begin the race from a common start, but with the handicap earned the day before, the one who crosses the finish line first wins.

According to the “Gundersen system”, team competitions for double athletes are also held, which culminate in a 3x10 km relay race. In 1999, a new type of program appeared - the biathlon-sprint, which is held over one competition day: literally an hour after the jump, participants go to the start of the 7.5 km race (also with a handicap). The “Gundersen system” was borrowed by racers and biathletes: the so-called “pursuit races” were included in the program of their competitions.

Nordic combined as a sport originated in Norway at the end of the 19th century. (in Russia the first competitions took place in 1912 near St. Petersburg). In 1924, Nordic combined was included in the program of the Olympic Games and World Championships. In the USSR, biathlon began to develop in the late 1930s. The highest achievements in this event were achieved by the Norwegian athlete Johan Grettumsbroten (two-time Olympic champion in 1928 and 1932) and three-time Olympic champion from the GDR Ulrich Wehling (1972, 1976, 1980). Among the Russian Olympic medalists are Nikolai Kiselev (silver medal at the IX Olympiad in Innsbruck in 1964) and Nikolai Gusakov (bronze medal at the VIII Olympiad in Squaw Valley in 1960) and Valery Stolyarov (bronze at the XVIII Olympiad in Nagano in 1998) .

2.3. Ski jumping

Ski jumping is a type of skiing. Competitions are held only among men from the medium (90 m) and large (120 m) springboards (initially: 70 and 90 m, respectively). The jump is assessed in terms of execution technique (using a 20-point system) and flight length. Competitors perform two attempts.

Ski jumping originated in Norway at the end of the 19th century. In most Norwegian cities, they began to build first earthen springboards, then wooden ones and from metal structures. In 1897, the first official jumping competitions took place near Oslo (in Russia - in 1906 near St. Petersburg).

In parallel with jumping, biathlon also developed. In 1924, the International Ski Federation (FIS) created a technical committee for these disciplines, and at the same time jumping and biathlon were included in the program of the Winter Olympics and World Championships.

It was the time of all-round skiers. Among them, the most noticeable mark was left by the Norwegians Turleif Haug and Johan Grettumsbroten, who performed with great success both at racing distances and on the ski jump. They passed the winning baton to their fellow countryman, the jumper Birger Ruud, who dominated the sport for 18 years (1930-1948). He won two Olympic gold medals and three at the World Championships. His achievement was surpassed in the 1980s. only Finnish athlete Matti Nykänen (four-time Olympic champion and four-time World Cup winner).

For a long time, jumping competitions were held on one medium-power springboard (70 m) and took place on one day. In 1962, jumping from a large springboard (90 m) was included in the program, and 20 years later, in 1982, team competitions were added to individual competitions - also on a large springboard. In the 1990s. The design capacities of the medium and large springboards reached 90 and 120 m, respectively.

In addition to these springboards, there are so-called “flight” springboards, which are structures of a special design that allow you to make jumps and flights up to 200 m or more in length. The most famous among them are the ski jumps in Planica (Slovenia), Vikersund (Norway), Oberstdorf (Germany), and Kulm (Austria). Since 1972, under the auspices and according to the rules of FIS, the World Ski Flying Championships have been held and the World Cup has been played. In 2000, at one of the stages of the Cup, the Austrian jumper Andrea Goldberger set a world record - his flight was 225 m.

In Russia, ski jumping began to truly develop only in the late 1940s. The greatest successes in this type of skiing were achieved by Vladimir Belousov (Olympic gold medal at the Games in Grenoble, 1968) and Gariy Napalkov, who won two gold medals at the 1970 World Championships in Strbske Pleso (Czechoslovakia).

2.4. Skiing

Alpine skiing is a descent from the mountains on skis along special tracks marked with gates, with a time recording. Includes: downhill, slalom, giant slalom, super-G and all-around events consisting of them. Competitions are held among women and men. The length of the downhill tracks is 2000-3500 m, the number of gates is 15-25; the length of the slalom tracks is 450-500 m, the number of gates for women is 50-55, for men - 60-75; The length of the giant slalom course is up to 2000 m, the number of gates is 50-75; The length of the super-G track is up to 2500 m. Developed in Austria, Switzerland, France, Italy, Germany, USA, Canada, Norway, Sweden. The program of the Olympic Games has been part of the program since 1936, and the World Championships have been held since 1931.

All alpine skiing disciplines began with slalom, which appeared in all countries of Central Europe at the beginning of the 20th century. The greatest successes in this sport have been achieved by athletes from the alpine countries of Europe and Scandinavia.

The development of alpine skiing is managed by the International Ski Federation (FIS), and in 1931 an alpine skiing technical committee was created. In the same year, the first world championship took place in Mürren (Switzerland). The first world champion in slalom and downhill was the English alpine skier E. McKinnon.

It is interesting to note that in alpine skiing, unlike racing, there has never been “female discrimination”. The formulas for men's and women's competitions have always been identical, developed and changed on equal terms. In 1936, at the IV Winter Olympics in Garmisch-Partenkirchen (Germany), the first Olympic champions were German skiers Franz Pfnür and Christel Krantz (in addition, at six world championships, 1934-39, she won 12 gold and 3 silver medals).

In the early 1950s. Giant slalom was included in the Olympic program of alpine skiing competitions, and scoring was also introduced in triathlon, but Olympic medals were not awarded in this event. Skiers competed according to this formula for about 30 years, then the federation’s slalom committee decided to exclude triathlon from the program, and instead introduce a new competition - the alpine combination, consisting of independent starts in slalom and downhill. In 1987, a fifth alpine skiing discipline was included - super-G, which finally predetermined the narrow specialization of the participants. They were divided into fairly clearly defined groups of masters of technique (slalom and giant) and speed (downhill and super), supporters of a universal approach competed on combination tracks.

The highest results in alpine skiing competitions were achieved by the Austrian athlete Anton Sailer (three gold medals at the VII Olympics in Cortina d'Ampezzo, 1956), as well as the Frenchman Jean-Claude Killy, who repeated his achievement at the X Olympics in Grenoble (1968).

In recent decades, Western European athletes have continued to dominate alpine skiing: Annemarie Prell, Petra Kronberger, Hermann Mayer (Austria); Gustavo Toni, Deborah Compagnoni, Alberto Tomba (Italy); Ingemar Stenmark, Pernilla Wiberg (Sweden); Erica Hess, Pirmin Zurbriggen (Switzerland); Katja Seitzinger (Germany); Kjetil Omodt (Norway) and others.

Among Russian alpine skiers, the greatest successes were achieved by: Evgenia Sidorova (bronze medal at the VII Olympics in Cortina d'Ampezzo in 1956), Svetlana Gladysheva (bronze medal in downhill at the World Championships in 1991 and silver in super-G at the XVII Olympics in Lillehammer in 1994).

2.5. Freestyle

Freestyle (English: free style, lit. - free, freestyle), a type of alpine skiing; includes three varieties: 1) mogul - downhill skiing on a bumpy track with two mandatory “figured” jumps; 2) the so-called ski ballet - descent from the mountains performing various dance figures (steps, rotations, turns, etc.); 3) ski jumping with a series of acrobatic figures (somersaults, pirouettes, etc.). There are over 30 countries in the Freestyle Skiing Committee (founded in 1978) at the International Ski Federation (FIS) (1999). The World Cup has been held since 1978, the World Championships since 1986.

In all three types, judges evaluate the technique of jumps or figures performed (in moguls, the time to complete the course is additionally recorded).

The pioneers of freestyle skiing were skiers who lacked the thrill of the slopes and the discipline of performing slalom techniques. Thus, one of the strongest Mogulists of the 1990s, Olympic champion Frenchman Edgar Grospiron, was expelled from the alpine skiing team for lack of prospects. His habit of going downhill with his knees tightly squeezed was more in keeping with the new sport of freestyle.

The freestyle skiing craze, which emerged in Europe and the United States in the early 1970s, quickly spread throughout the skiing world. Amateur local competitions began everywhere, and when their rank increased to the level of national championships and international tournaments, the need for unified rules arose. The freestyle technical committee created within the FIS has developed unified competition regulations.

At the XV Winter Olympics in Calgary (1988), unique performances in all types of freestyle were demonstrated at demonstration performances, but only at the next XVI Olympics in Albertville (1992) one of the freestyle types, moguls, was included in the program of the Olympic events. In 1994 in Lillehammer at the XVII Olympiad, acrobatic ski jumping was included in the program (ski ballet still remains outside the Olympic program).

Freestyle appeared in Russia in the mid-1980s. In 1986, the first all-Union competitions took place. Despite the lag, Russian athletes Elizaveta Kozhevnikova (mogul, third place) and Sergei Shchupletsov (mogul, second place) became medalists at the Lillehammer Olympics. In addition, Shupletsov also became a two-time world champion in combination. World champions in ski ballet were Elena Batalova (1995), Oksana Kushchenko (1997), Natalya Razumovskaya (1999), in acrobatic jumps - Vasilisa Semenchuk (1991).

2.6. Snowboarding

Snowboarding (English: snowboarding, from snowboard - ski board), a type of skiing - descending a snowy slope on a wide edged ski (foot bindings are installed across the line of movement).

Snowboarding originated in the 1960s, when American slalomist Jay Barton demonstrated a descent on a slope on a ski board (snowboard) he invented, which ski manufacturers immediately became interested in. A professional international federation (ISF) was created, and competitions began to be held, awarding the winners the titles of world champions. But it was only in 1995 that a technical committee for snowboarding was established within the International Ski Federation (FIS). The first world championship was held in 1996.

The snowboarding program includes two types of competitions: one of them is held on a regular snow slope, it includes varieties of slalom and giant slalom; the second requires a special structure - a trench resembling a cylinder cut lengthwise. According to this analogy, the competition is called “half-pipe”. In a half-pipe, an athlete rolls down from top to bottom along a kind of sinusoid from one section of the half-pipe to another, performing flip-flops at its edges. The judges evaluate the difficulty and technique of the jumps.

The program of the XVIII Olympic Games in Nagano (1998) included a half-pipe and a giant slalom. Russian snowboarding championships have been held since 1997.

2.7. Biathlon

Biathlon arose from skiing and shooting competitions held over many years in our country and abroad. The first skiing and shooting competitions were held in 1767. in Norway. Among the three numbers of the program, 2 prizes were provided for skiers who, while descending from a slope of medium steepness, would hit a specific target with a gun at a distance of 40-50 steps. Despite its early origins, biathlon has not become widespread in other countries.

The development of biathlon in its modern form began only at the beginning of the 20th century. In the 20s and 30s, paramilitary skiing competitions were widespread in Red Army units. The athletes covered a distance of 50 km in full combat gear, overcoming various obstacles. Subsequently, militarized ski racing with weapons changed, becoming more and more close to sports competitions. Thus, patrol races appeared, consisting of a 30 km team race with weapons and shooting at the finish line.

"Military Patrol Races" were also popular abroad. They were included in the program as demonstrations at the first Winter Olympic Games in Chamonix 1924. with awarding the winners and medalists with Olympic medals. The same demonstration performances by “patrol officers” took place at the II, IV, V Winter Olympics.

The spectacle of paramilitary competitions due to the combination of several sports in one competition, differing in the nature of motor activity, contributed to the transformation of patrol racing into a new independent sport - biathlon, approved in 1957. International Union of Modern Pentathlon.

The first official national biathlon championship with the participation of mainly cross-country skiers and patrolmen was held in the Uktus Mountains near Sverdlovsk in 1957. The first holder of the title of “country biathlon champion” was Vladimir Marinychev, who won the 30 km shooting distance. This championship gave a powerful impetus to the development of biathlon.

Until now, national championships are held annually.

In 1958 biathletes held the first world championship. The birthday of biathlon was officially proclaimed on March 2, 1958. at the first World Championships in Austria.

Initially, the program of biathletes at the national, world and Olympic championships included one event - a 20 km ski race with shooting from military weapons (caliber 5.6, 6.5 and 7.62 mm) at four firing lines with five shots at each of them. At the first three lines, shooting was allowed from any position, and at the fourth, last line, only from a standing position. For each miss, two penalty minutes were added to the race time. In 1965 By decision of the International Union of Modern Pentathlon and Biathlon (UIPMB), the requirements for shooting were increased. Firstly, the number of mandatory shooting exercises from a standing position has been increased - two (on the second and fourth stages) instead of one. Secondly, the penalty time was differentiated - 1 minute for hitting the outer circle and 2 minutes for missing the target. In 1966 at the world championships and since 1968. At the Olympic Games, the program was expanded by introducing the 4x7.5 km relay race, and then (in 1974 at the World Championships and 1980 at the Olympic Games) 10 km sprint races. In these same disciplines, shooting is carried out at two ranges from a prone and standing position. Moreover, in the relay race, at each turn, eight rounds can be used to hit five targets. Each miss is compensated by completing an additional 150m penalty loop. Since 1986 Free style is used at all distances. The popularity of biathlon in the world increased significantly after 1978, when combat weapons were replaced with a small-caliber rifle (5.6mm), the shooting distance was reduced to 50m, the 2-minute penalty was abolished, and the target size was established - 4cm when shooting prone and 11cm when shooting standing (on diameter). Biathlon has become more accessible. Currently, biathlon is cultivated in 57 countries.

Biathlon became an Olympic sport in 1960. At the VIII Winter Olympic Games in Squaw Valley, 1960. The first Olympic champion in biathlon was the Swedish athlete K. Lestander with a low race result (1:33.21) and excellent shooting: 20 hits out of 20! Excellent shooting was at that time the main criterion determining the final result of the competition. A. Privalov's bronze medal became the first award for biathlon at the first Winter Olympic Games in 1960.

In the Olympic biathlon competitions, athletes from the Scandinavian countries, the USSR - CIS - Russia, and the GDR - Germany performed more successfully than others. At one time he won two gold medals in the Olympic Games: Magnar Solberg (Norway) 1968, 1972, Viktor Mamatov (USSR) 1968, 1972; Ivan Byakov (USSR) 1972, 1976; Nikolay Kruglov (USSR) 1976; Anatoly Alyabyev (USSR) 1980; Frank Peter Rech (GDR) 1988; Mark Kirchner (Germany) 1992, 1994; Dmitry Vasiliev (USSR) 1984, 1988; Sergey Chepikov (RF) 1988, 1994 Among women, two-time Olympic champions were Anfisa Reztsova (RF) 1992, 1994. and Canadian Mariam Bedard - 1994.

Alexander Tikhonov has four Olympic gold medals for victories in relay races at four Olympics in Grenoble, Sapporo, Innsbruck and Lake Placid, recognized as the best “shooting skier” on the planet.

The first Soviet Olympic champion in biathlon - the most difficult event of the Winter Olympic Games - was Vladimir Melanin in 1964, (Innsbruck), in the 20 km race. Soviet biathletes maintained golden traditions in the relay race for six Olympics in a row, starting in 1968. In the annals of world biathlon of the 20th century, such a sporting achievement will forever remain a record.

Women's biathlon received recognition in 1984. at the World Championships in Chamonix (France). Venera Chernyshova became the first world champion. In 1992 Women's biathlon was included in the program of the XVI Winter Olympic Games in Albertville, France. At these games, Anfisa Reztsova became the first Olympic champion at a distance of 7.5 km. She won gold despite three failures in the sprint distance. After 2 years, she again became an Olympic champion in biathlon at a distance of 7.5 km in the relay race in Lillehammer (Norway). At the XVIII Winter Olympic Games in Nagano, the only gold medal in biathlon for the Russian team was won by biathlete from Tyumen Galina Kukleva. The 7.5 km race, which she won, turned out to be one of the most dramatic. At the finish line, the champion and silver medalist, Ursula Diesl from Germany, were separated by just 0.7 seconds. The winner of the men's 10 km sprint race was Norwegian, Ole Einar Bjoerndalen.

In the biathlon relay, Galina Kukleva did the hardest thing - she played about 30 seconds and pulled our team from sixth to second position. Silver medals for Russian biathletes: Olga Melnik, Galina Kukleva, Albina Akhatova and Olga Romasko.

The favorites of the men's biathlon relay were the teams of Germany, Norway and Russia, the countries whose athletes won the most awards at the Nagano Olympics. The first three places were taken by these teams, in the same order in which they stand in the unofficial team competition.

Viktor Maygurov, Pavel Muslimov, Sergey Tarasov and Vladimir Drachev are bronze medalists in the men's biathlon relay.

The achievements of biathletes of the Soviet Union and Russia over 40 years of development are the pride of national and world sports.

3.Conclusion

So, the main types of skiing, the process of their development, the rules of competitions and the highest achievements in each of them were outlined above, on the basis of which the following conclusions can be drawn.

Skiing is a means of physical education for people of any age, health status and level of physical fitness.

Skiing in clean, frosty air significantly increases the body's resistance to a wide variety of diseases, has a positive effect on mental and physical performance, and has a positive effect on the nervous system.

During skiing lessons, the most important moral and volitional qualities are successfully developed: courage and perseverance, discipline and hard work, the ability to endure any difficulties, physical endurance.

Essay

On this topic:

"Skiing"

Performed:

10th grade student A

School No. 127

G. Kazan

Kholmirzaeva Zulfiya.

Skis, as a device that greatly facilitates movement in deep snow, were invented by man about 4 thousand years ago. Their primary name, snowshoes, was actively used by ancient hunters during their long raids for prey among snowy plains and forests. Archaeologists have unearthed skis of various shapes, sizes, methods of fastening and use, which have been used by mankind over the entire period of their existence. It is not surprising that skis have had various uses over such a long period of use. They were used in everyday life, travel, military and military affairs, as well as during various street games and fun. In addition to convenience in the process of movement, skis were also actively used for health purposes in order to strengthen the body’s hardening against various colds.

The archive contains 6 abstracts on the topics of skiing and skiing for your reference.

It is important to note that skiing as a separate type of sports in Russia arose relatively recently, namely at the end of the 19th century. Moscow became the forefather of such competitions. And this is not surprising, because it was in its vastness that this type of winter attribute was used most actively at all times. The simplest rules were used as the first competitive rules - to win, you had to be the first to cover three miles on sliding skis. This event took place on January 2, 1896 in Moscow. After this, this type of competition was liked by the local elites, and it began to be held annually. It should be noted that very quickly this sport became popular throughout almost all of Russia and was held in all major cities. It should be noted that in other northern countries, which are personally familiar with the difficulties of movement in snowy winters, they began to become interested in the sport of skiing around the same time. It is not surprising that a decade later, Russian athletes became regular participants in international skiing competitions. True, the first participants turned out to be a little unprepared for European rules, but very soon this flaw was eliminated.

Gradually, skiing became more and more extensive and began to include many different varieties, which allowed each participant to have a unique chance to reveal their talents. From simple speed races, athletes gradually began to move on to other, no less interesting competitions that required maximum endurance, conditioning, strength of body and spirit. Downhill racing, biathlon, various relay races, long multi-hour distances - this is not a complete list of what winter athletes “work” with today. All this made it possible to distinguish the Winter Olympic Games into a separate spectacular, educational and developmental event, which is expected by millions of fans of winter sports around the world. Additionally, such interest in skiing has made it possible to actively attract a large number of fans of various age groups to it. Therefore, the appearance of such a sport in the school physical education curriculum is quite natural.

It should be noted that skiing requires a certain skill from the athlete. Therefore, before you start skiing on your own, you should practice under the supervision of an experienced mentor. It will help you not break your skis on the first day of your acquaintance with this exciting and very useful winter sport. Another important point that should never be forgotten is low temperatures. Very often they cause frostbite, and improper clothing or behavior can cause various colds, which are very severe in winter.

In all other respects, skiing is a great way to improve your health, tighten your muscles and get a lot of positive emotions and impressions.

One of the most favorite winter activities is skiing. But skiing is not only watched on TV, many people practice it.

Skiing includes several disciplines:

1. Smooth skis.
2. Biathlon.
3. Skiing.
4. Ski jumping.
5. Nordic combined.

All types are included in the Olympic program, and in some countries they are a national sport.

Smooth skiing means moving at speed on flat or slightly hilly terrain. This sport is very popular in Norway and Finland. Movement technique - skating or classic move. Skating technique is faster than classical technique. Use sticks to push off. The skis are straight, with a curved tip.

Biathlon is a combination of smooth skiing and shooting. After a certain section of the course, the athlete stops and must hit 5 targets. For a miss, either a penalty time or an extra lap is added to the main distance. Currently, biathletes move along the track only by skating. It is also called free style. Rifles are used for shooting.

Downhill downhill is alpine skiing. This discipline originated in the Alps. Alpine skiing is the national sport in Austria. This is one of the subjects in Austrian schools. Alpine skiing is divided into several subtypes:

• slalom (downhill, giant, mountain combination),
• freestyle (mogul, acrobatics).

Alpine skiing is different from regular classic skiing. Wide front and back and narrow middle. This shape allows you to smoothly avoid obstacles and take turns at high speed. The sticks are curved.

In ski jumping, not only the athlete who flies farthest wins, but also the one who lands smoothest. Jumpers' skis are wide so they can land comfortably. No sticks are used.

Biathlon is a combination of jumping and smooth skiing. First, athletes jump from a springboard, then, based on the results of the jumps, the lag time on the ski track is determined. The winner is the one who manages to reduce the distance on the track and come first.

In many northern countries, skiing is not only entertainment, but a professional sport. There are both team and individual disciplines in skiing.

Option 2

Skiing is the most famous and popular sport in winter. People of all ages can do it. It also does not require special physical training and is good for health and maintaining tone.

History of skiing

It is worth mentioning that skiing was not originally a sport. They were invented by people for moving through snowdrifts in winter, mainly during hunting. It is known that skiing existed already in the 6th century, but the history of skiing as a sport begins in the 18th century. The Norwegians can be considered the creators of skiing. In 1733, a decree was issued in Norway on preparations for skiing competitions. And already in 1767, championships were held in many types of skiing that are still known today - biathlon, racing, downhill and slalom.

Second after Norway was Finland, which also opened many sports clubs for skiers. After some time, European and Asian countries, as well as the USA, joined skiing. This is how skiing spread almost throughout the world. At first only professionals practiced it, but soon this sport attracted all other people who realized that skiing was accessible to everyone.

In 1924, skiing competitions were included in the Olympics. This happened thanks to the activities of FIS, an international organization that regulates sports activities and sets rules.

It is also important to mention that skiing appeared in Russia only at the end of the 19th century. On December 16, 1895, the first official ski club was opened in Moscow.

Types of skiing

Sprint is a classic skiing sport. Sprinting is ideal for improving endurance and strengthening the cardiovascular system.

Ski jumping is a very exciting and no less extreme sport. The main goal is to cover a distance of more than one hundred meters in the air after jumping from a ski jump. The athlete needs to make a jump and land smoothly after it. Naturally, this requires quite a bit of preparation.

Alpine skiing is one of the most popular winter sports. Like ski jumping, alpine skiing is a very extreme activity that can charge anyone with adrenaline. This sport also helps develop endurance and concentration. The minimum distance is 3 kilometers, while the minimum speed at the time of descent is 100 km/h. All this naturally implies that a person must undergo long training and have a well-developed technique.

Slalom is a more difficult type of downhill skiing, during which the skier must overcome special obstacles, such as flags. Before taking up this type of skiing, a person must first become proficient in simple skiing.

Freestyle skiing is a type of skiing distinguished by its beauty and entertainment. A skier performs various acrobatic tricks while descending from the mountain.

Speaking about the benefits of skiing, it is worth noting that it contributes to the physical development of the whole body, improves the functioning of the cardiovascular system and maintains mental balance.

Report 3

Skiing originated in distant Norway. Initially, skis were invented by northern peoples for moving through deep snow, because sometimes the height of the snow cover reached a whole meter! Predatory animals could not run quickly through the snowdrifts. Skis often saved people's lives.

Skis were shorter and wider than modern ones. They were more suitable for walking than riding. They were made from the most common material - wood. If the terrain was not very smooth in terms of relief, if there were many slopes, then the skis were lined with deer skins to reduce the speed of descent.

Nowadays, thanks to the introduction of scientific developments, skis began to be made of plastic. Skis and poles have become longer. This increased the speed. Now the basis for success in skiing is not only the physical endurance of the athlete, but also suitable materials and lubricants. Aerodynamics are calculated down to the smallest detail.

In the modern era, there are so-called “summer skis”. They are called roller skis. Roller skis were developed for competitive skiers to provide off-season training similar to winter training. Roller skis are already a mechanical device consisting of a frame, wheels and fastenings. Interestingly, the design does not include brakes. All skiers are afraid of this. Braking on roller skis is difficult, but possible.

In our country, a love of cross-country skiing is instilled in children from school. For students who spend a lot of time in classrooms, an outdoor lesson is a great opportunity not only to relax and spend time productively, but also to try themselves in one of the Olympic sports.

Skiing develops the whole body, especially the cardiovascular system. Therefore, standards have been developed for each age separately. For a trained skier, the loads do not feel difficult and exhausting. The main thing is not to skip training.

For regular ski trips you don't need to spend a lot of money. You don't need to rent a stadium or buy a season ticket. It’s enough to dress in sportswear, go out into the forest - and there you have it, the feeling of flying! Frosty air in your face! Speed! Descent from the mountain!

Ski racing techniques can be learned. There are two main moves: skating and classic. The classic move does not allow the skier to develop high speed, but is easier to master. Beginners start with it. Skating appeared quite recently - in the late 70s. We are very popular among professional athletes, because skating becomes easier and the speed increases.

Ski racing is one of the most accessible and widespread sports. It is part of the Winter Olympic Games program, where the world's strongest skiers compete in speed and endurance!

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Skiing - a set of different , in competitions in which athletes use . Includes cross-country skiing over various distances, ski jumping, Nordic combined (cross-country skiing and ski jumping), and others. Originated in V .

The main styles of skiing are “classic style” and “free (skating) style.”

Classic style

“Classical” ski moves are divided according to the method of pushing off with poles into alternating and simultaneous. Based on the number of steps in one cycle, simultaneous one-step, alternately two-step and stepless moves are distinguished. The most common are alternating two-step stroke (used on uphill sections and gentle slopes, and with very good gliding - on slopes of medium steepness (up to 5°) and simultaneous single-step stroke (used on flat areas, on gentle slopes with good gliding, as well as on slopes with satisfactory sliding).

Free style

“Free style” implies that the skier is free to choose the method of movement along the distance, but since the “classic” stroke is inferior in speed to the “skating” one, “free style” is, in fact, a synonym for “ »

Overcoming climbs

The climbs can be overcome either by one of the types of skating, or by the following methods: a sliding step (on climbs with a steepness of 5° to 10°), a walking step (from 10° to 15°), a running step (15° and more), a semi -herringbone”, “herringbone”, “ladder” (not used in competitions), in some cases, when the rise is quite sharp, the “herringbone” is used.

Descent

When descending, athletes use different types of stances that differ in the angle of bend of the knees. In a high stance, this angle is 140-160°; for a medium stance, the knee bend angle is 120-140° (120-130° for the version of this stance, the so-called “rest” stance), both are used on uneven slopes. And on smooth descents, the fastest, lowest stance is used, for which the knee bend angle is less than 120°.

Braking

The most common type of braking is “plow”. When descending obliquely, stop braking is often used. To prevent when unexpected obstacles arise on the track, it is sometimes necessary to apply fall braking, but not in a sitting position, but sideways, for which we have also developed our own, safest, execution technique.

Turn

The step turn is very common in competitions, while the plow turn is often used for tight turns. Sometimes methods such as a stop turn, a turn from a stop and a turn on parallel skis are used.

Help the body

Skiing is an excellent way to harden the body. If you ski regularly for one season, then any viruses and vicissitudes of the weather will become indifferent to you. Gradually strengthening the body's immune and cardiovascular systems will also allow you to avoid many problems in old age.

Typically, good results in sports can only be achieved through high-intensity exercise. An important feature of skiing is that efficiency is achieved through the duration and regularity of training. This approach allows you to harmoniously develop the body’s respiratory system. Therefore, skiing is recommended for those who want to cleanse their lungs: former smokers and people working in hazardous industries.

Speaking about the benefits of skiing, we cannot ignore the issue of combating excess weight. Practice shows that with the help of properly selected aerobic exercise, you can achieve very impressive results in this area. Skiing is recommended even for those who are significantly overweight, as it does not have a negative effect on the spine.

Municipal budgetary educational institution

Basic secondary school No. 55

Skis and skiing in our lives

We learned to ski when we were 7 years old. At our school, ski training is a mandatory part of physical education lessons in winter. As soon as snow falls, in our village of Medvedevo, small and large skiers can be found on the sports ground, in the forest. We were curious, who invented skis and when? How many types of skis are there in the modern world? And why are skis lubricated? We decided to do some research. We learned to ski when we were 7 years old. At our school, ski training is a mandatory part of physical education lessons in winter. As soon as snow falls, in our village of Medvedevo, small and large skiers can be found on the sports ground, in the forest. We were curious, who invented skis and when? How many types of skis are there in the modern world? And why are skis lubricated? We decided to do some research.

Introduction

Expand your area of ​​personal knowledge on the topic “Skiing”.

• Expand your area of ​​personal knowledge on the topic “Skiing”.
• Find answers to your questions.
• Determine experimentally the effect of ski waxes on gliding.
• Find out children's attitudes towards sports.
• To prove to the children by example the importance of physical education and sports in our lives.

Research objectives:

Collect information from the history of skiing.

• Collect information from the history of skiing.
• Find out what types of skis there are.
• Find out the effect of ski waxes on gliding.
• Learn how to prepare skis for skiing in practice.

Research objectives:

Skis are an amazing invention of primitive man. Skis are an amazing invention of primitive man. In distant historical times, it was very difficult to get food and move from one settlement to another in winter through deep snow. Then the man discovered that by tying two specially shaped pieces of wood to his feet, he could move faster through snow-covered fields and forests. The history of skiing goes back several thousand years. This is confirmed by cave paintings in caves in Norway, made about 7,000 years ago. Many centuries later, skis began to be used by the armies of the Scandinavian countries, then by the military in Russia.

History of skiing

There are several types of skis, all of them are designed for different purposes, have different shapes, lengths, weights, and are used in different sports.

Since the invention of skis, people have sought to improve their glide. Since the invention of skis, people have sought to improve their glide. In ancient times, skis were lined with animal skins. This coating ensured good forward sliding while preventing reverse slipping. Over time, people came up with the idea of ​​lubricating skis with wax and lard, and gliding improved significantly.

Ski ointment

Nowadays, no one treats skis with natural fats; everyone uses special ski ointments. Modern ointments are divided into two types: gliding lubricants and grip lubricants. Each ski wax is applicable at a certain air temperature.

Wooden skis must be impregnated with a special resin, then they do not get wet when skiing on warm days and the snow sticks to them less.

• Wooden skis must be impregnated with a special resin, then they do not get wet when skiing on warm days and the snow sticks to them less.
• Plastic skis glide well, but in both directions. Therefore, for a classic stroke, grip lubricant must be applied to the central part of the ski. Apply sliding lubricant to the remaining surface. When skating, the entire surface of the skis must be covered with a gliding lubricant.

We have experimentally established:

This Gounde pack for ski wax includes red wax for weather (+1° - 0°), purple for (0° - 3°), blue for (-3° - 9°) and a rubbing plug. In practice, in different weather, I used all types of ointment and found out: This set of Gounde pack for lubricating skis includes red ointment for weather (+1° - 0°), purple for (0° - 3°), blue for (- 3° – 9°) and a grinding plug. In practice, in different weather, I used all types of ointment and found out:

• If the skis slip during the classic course, you need to put a warmer ointment under the block on top of the old one and rub it with a cork.
• If the skis run poorly or don’t run at all, it means the ointment was chosen incorrectly and does not match the air temperature. You need to remove the old ointment with a scraper and apply a new one.

Skiing is a very necessary and useful sport. Skiing strengthens the body, develops endurance, strength and agility.

• Skiing is a very necessary and useful sport. Skiing strengthens the body, develops endurance, strength and agility.
• For people of any age, skiing provides vigor and cheerfulness, restores good sleep and appetite.
• By skiing, people learn to overcome difficulties and strengthen their character; this is especially important for children.

Skiing and health

Sports in my life Classes in the sports section Participation in regional competitions Ski races for the prizes of G.F. Ilyin II place Participation in regional competitions Ski track of Russia - 2018 II place Sports in my family Yakovlev Ivan Aleksandrovich Boyarintseva Galina Egorovna My achievements Skis are an amazing invention of primitive man.

• Skis are an amazing invention of primitive man.
• In the modern world, there are more than five types of skis used for various purposes and in various sports.
• To improve ski glide, it is necessary to use special ski lubricants correctly.
• Skiing improves your health.

The significance of the project We would like our classmates to be captivated by our personal example, so that they can clearly see that achieving noticeable results in both sports and studies cannot be achieved by chance.

Yakovlev Alexander, 7th grade student

Head – Valentina Ivanovna Belkova, physical education teacher

Resources:

• 1. Magazine “Skiing”;
• 2. Free encyclopedia Wikipedia (Internet site).
• Physical education grades 8-9 Authors: V.I. Lyakh, A.A. Zdanevich