First swimming competition. Classification, types of swimming. Equipment and standards
"History of the emergence and development of swimming in Russia"
Introduction
History of the development of swimming
Swimming in modern Russia
Conclusion
Bibliography
Introduction
Drawings on archaeological finds indicate that people in Ancient Egypt, Assyria, Phenicia and many other countries knew how to swim several millennia BC, and the swimming methods they knew were reminiscent of modern crawl and breaststroke. At that time, swimming was of a purely applied nature - for fishing, hunting for waterfowl, underwater fishing, and in military affairs. In Ancient Greece, swimming began to be used as an important means of physical education.
The first swimming competitions date back to the turn of the 15th-16th centuries (for example, in 1515, swimming competitions were held in Venice). The first sports organization of swimmers arose in England in 1869 (“Association of Amateur Sports Swimming of England”), then similar organizations appeared in Sweden (1882), Germany, Hungary (1886), France (1887), the Netherlands, USA (1888), New Zealand (1890), Russia (1894), Italy, Austria (1899)... The growing popularity of competitive swimming at the end of the 19th century is associated with the beginning of the construction of artificial swimming pools.
In 1896, swimming was included in the program of the first Olympic Games, and since then it has always been included in the Olympic program. In 1899, major international competitions were held in Budapest with the participation of athletes from several European countries; Then they began to be held annually in various European countries and were called the “European Championship”.
History of the development of swimming
Swimming has been known to man since ancient times. Competitive swimming originated at the turn of the 15th and 16th centuries. Among the first swimming competitions were the swimmers' competition in 1515. in Venice. In 1538 The first swimming manual by the Dane P. Vinman was published. The first swimming schools appeared in the second half of the 18th and early 19th centuries in Germany, Austria, Czechoslovakia, and France.
Swimming in Russia in ancient times developed mainly as an applied sport, and only at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century did it become a separate sport. In the middle of the 17th century, swimming training was introduced into Russian troops. Peter I includes it in the training program for army and navy officers: all new soldiers without exception must learn to swim, there are not always bridges . In the 18th century in Russia, the idea of the importance and usefulness of swimming as a hygienic exercise and as an applied skill began to take hold. In a publication circulated at the time Economic Monthly for 1776 noted; It would be fair for every young person to learn to swim, since in many cases the ability to swim depends on the ability to save one’s life A.V. Suvorov, as A. Petrushevsky testifies, taught soldiers to swim, ford and swim across rivers.
Long before the development of swimming in Russia, organized swimming training was successfully carried out in the West, and there were quite a large cadre of professional teachers, among whom were not only military personnel, but also specialists who worked as freelancers. For example, in St. Petersburg Gazette for 1782 was printed: those wishing to teach cadets in swimming in the Naval Gentry Cadet Corps would come to negotiate a price.
Sports swimming was not widespread in pre-revolutionary Russia. Only in the 19th century did the first swimming schools appear in Russia. So, in St. Petersburg in 1834. a swimming school opened near the Summer Garden, organized by gymnastics teacher Pauli; among its visitors were Pushkin and Vyazemsky.
At the end of the 19th century, construction of indoor swimming pools began in Russia. In 1891 A swimming pool opened in Moscow at the Central Baths, and in 1895 at the Sandunovsky Baths. Swimming pools are being built at military educational institutions: in the 1st and 2nd Naval Cadet Corps, in the Corps of Pages in St. Petersburg, in the Kiev Cadet Corps, etc. But these were small-sized pools (from 10 to 15-16 m long) , suitable only for initial swimming lessons.
Swimming became especially popular at the end of the 19th century. In 1890 the first European swimming championship was held. In 1894, swimming competitions were included in the program of the modern Olympic Games, which had a great influence on the development of all types of swimming.
A popular Russian swimming school, where sports work was carried out quite widely, was the Shuvalov school, organized in 1908. on the initiative of V.V. Peskov on Lake Suzdal in the suburbs of St. Petersburg - Shuvalovo. In the Shuvalov swimming school, the number of members and so-called competitive members reached 300-400 people in different years. These were mainly students of secondary and higher educational institutions, who, together with their parents (employees and petty bourgeois) left St. Petersburg in the summer for a dacha in Shuvalovo. This school provided training in sports swimming methods, and organized water festivals and competitions in swimming, diving and water polo, and conducted tests for master and candidate of swimming. This school had a significant influence on the development of swimming in pre-revolutionary Russia. In 1912 is being organized in Moscow Moscow Society of Swimming Amateurs (MOLP), which conducted classes not only in summer, but also in winter (in the Sandunovskie baths).
A large role in the development of both mass and sports swimming in Russia was played by the swimming school, founded in 1908 in Shuvalovo (Not far from St. Petersburg), which existed until 1917. It was organized on a voluntary basis on the initiative of naval doctor V.N. Peskova. During the summer season, up to 400 people learned swimming there. Training was carried out in all swimming methods existing at that time: front crawl, breaststroke on the front and back, swimming on the side. The basis of training was the breaststroke method. Participants participated in competitions annually and could receive the title of masters and candidates of swimming under the conditions of performing the following 12 exercises:
.) Swim - 3000m. I had to swim across the lake several times, return to school and cover a distance of 50m.
.) Swim - backstroke 1500m.
.) Swim - 1500m. In clothes and shoes using the breaststroke method.
.) Swim - 450m. on the back. Only with the help of hands.
.) Swim - 450m. Only on one legs.
.) Swim a distance of 30m. On the back, breaststroke legs, with a stone weighing 2 kg. With one hand the athlete carefully raked, with the other hand he held the stone so that it did not get wet, resting his elbow on his chest.
.) Diving underwater 30m.
.) Diving to a depth of 4-5m. With the task of getting a stone from the bottom: 5 times in a row with a rest of 2-3 seconds.
.) Undressing in water - removing clothes and shoes.
.) Combined swimming 75m. The swimmer must jump from the start, swim 50m, grab the “drowning person” and swim with him 25m. The task is completed for a time (from 100 to 80).
.) Providing first aid to a drowned person.
.) Jumping into water from a 7-meter tower: 3 jumps from a place, and 3 from a run (upside down).
The obvious complexity of these standards testifies to the excellent preparation of Russian swimmers. Realizing that for the development of sports swimming in Russia it is necessary to develop mass swimming, graduates of the Shuvalov school organized swimming schools in Feodosia, Baku, and a little later also in Kiev, Chernigov, Batumi, Nikolaev.
By the beginning of the First World War (1914), swimming began to be cultivated in such cities as: Kiev, Chernigov, Baku, Batumi, Rostov-on-Don, Feodosia, Sevastopol, Kharkov, Yaroslavl, Mariupol, Riga, Samara, Sestroretsk, Oranienbaum and in other cities.
Competitive swimming in Russia during these years was only taking its first steps. The training was carried out mainly in open water, and the results of the swimmers were low. Therefore, when participating in the V Olympic Games in Stockholm in 1912, Russian swimmers were not successful. The first major swimming competitions in Russia were held at the Russian Olympics in Kyiv in 1913. Olya went down in history as the first Russian swimming championship. About 60 people took part in it. Shuvalov swimmers took all the first places, although their results were significantly behind the achievements of the best athletes in the world. The second Russian Olympics, which included swimming, took place in 1914. in Riga. About 70 swimmers from Moscow, St. Petersburg, Kyiv and other cities arrived at the competition. Due to the unpreparedness of the base, almost all nonresident swimmers refused to participate in the competition. Sports results in swimming at this Olympics were also low.
In 1922 A swimming society was formed Dolphin , which was the successor to the traditions of the Shuvalov school and soon became a kind of center of sports swimming in the country. Under the leadership of trade union organizations, educational and sports work in swimming begins. Swimming sports schools are opened and competitions are organized. For example, since 1921 Major competitions began to be held annually in Moscow. Physical education institutes opened in Moscow and Petrograd began to train teachers and swimming coaches. Since 1926 European swimming championships began to be held in 1969. - European Cups, since 1973 - World Championships, and since 1979 - World Cups in swimming.
In 1928 The All-Union Spartakiad took place in Moscow, which contributed to the further spread and development of swimming in our country. In the period 1926-1929. Soviet athletes hold their first international swimming competitions. Swimming is developing in all Soviet republics. In a relatively short period of time, a solid foundation for the development of mass swimming was laid in our country.
In 1941 Germany attacked our country. The development of sports, including swimming, in the country has slowed down. Physical education organizations restructured their work in the interests of the front. During the war years, a lot of work was done on military physical training. Only in 1943 About 500 thousand people were trained in swimming and swimming crossings. In combat operations at sea,
During landings and crossings, the ability to swim and stay on the water in uniform and with weapons contributed to the victory of Russian soldiers and saved their lives. Thanks to the active work of physical education organizations, by 1948. the pre-war level of the number of people involved in swimming sports in the country was reached.
An important act in the development of sports swimming in the country was the entry into 1947. membership in the International Swimming Federation (FINA) and the development of sports ties with swimmers from foreign countries.
For several years after the war (before 1950-1951), Soviet swimmers could not reach the pre-war level of sportsmanship. USSR records were updated very rarely (mainly in side swimming) and were mostly known in 1940-1941. swimmers.
At the 1952 Olympic Games. Soviet swimmers took part for the first time. They performed poorly. Only M. Gavrish (Kyiv) took the 200m final. breaststroke 6th place with a result of 2.58.9s. and brought the team the only point. The reason for this was the change of generations of swimmers: L. Meshkov, S. Boychenko, V. Ushakov and other outstanding masters of the water track finished their performances, and young swimmers had not yet reached the heights of sportsmanship and had no experience of participating in international competitions.
In 1954 Soviet swimmers took part in the European Championships for the first time. At that time, the level of development of competitive swimming among women was significantly lower than among men. For this reason, only men participated in the European Championship.
In 1956 At the XVI Olympics in Melbourne, 5 Soviet swimmers became bronze medalists. The Soviet swimming team scored 10 points in Melbourne and moved from 15th place at the XV Olympics to 7th.
In 1961, a unified system for organizing educational and sports work in the country was created. The improvement of the work of the Youth Sports School was also facilitated by the new calendar of sports competitions and the mandatory organization of recreational sports camps during the summer holidays.
In 1969, on the initiative of the Komsomol Central Committee, the Neptune Club was created, which does a lot of work to involve children in regular swimming. A number of cities have introduced mandatory swimming training for all students in grades 1–4. The number of swimming pools in our country has increased significantly.
Soviet swimmers achieved their greatest success in the international sports arena in the 60s. Speaking at the XVIII Olympic Games in 1964. (Tokyo), 16-year-old Sevastopol schoolgirl Galina Prozumenshchikova was the first among Soviet swimmers to become an Olympic champion in the 200m breaststroke.
In 1966-1968. Soviet swimmers moved to 1st place in Europe and 3rd in the world (after the USA and Australia). At the XI European Championship (1966, Utrecht), the Soviet team beat swimmers from 25 European countries and won the men's and women's team cups with a large margin in points, receiving 8 gold medals, 7 silver and 4 bronze. Victories in the European arena were secured two weeks later in Mexico City - at the 19th Olympics. Here, Soviet swimmers, men and women, received 61 points and took 3rd place in the world, and the men - 2nd place, losing the championship to the US swimmers.
In 1971, FINA recognized swimming as an important complementary source of health for infants. Since 1977, in Moscow, and then in other cities, swimming training for infants began at children's clinics with swimming pools.
In 1976 At the XXI Olympics in Montreal, 3 Soviet swimmers took prizes in the 200m breaststroke: M. Koshevaya 2.33.35s. (M/r.), M. Yurcheniya and L. Rusanova.
In 1980, at the XXII Olympics in Moscow, Vladimir Salnikov “swimmed” the 1500m for the first time in history. (freestyle) out of 15 minutes, with a result of 14.58.27s. Since many leading teams did not come to the Olympics, the vast majority of swimming awards went to the USSR national team.
At the Olympics in Seoul, I. Polyansky brought gold medals to our team in the 200m. (back), with a result of 1.59.37s. and V. Salnikov
at 1500m. (freestyle), with a result of 15.00.40 seconds.
At the XXV Olympics in Barcelona, in the 4x200m relay. (freestyle), the Russian team consisting of D. Lepikov, V. Pyshnenko, V. Tayanovich and E. Sadovyi, set a new world record. In freestyle, gold medals were won by A. Popov (50.100m, freestyle) and E. Sadovy (400m, freestyle).
At the last Olympics in Atlanta, D. Pankratov (100.200m, butterfly) and A. Popov (50.100m, freestyle) won gold medals.
Swimming in modern Russia
The laws of sports training in swimming in the last century received deep, comprehensive justification and development. It is known that the concept of sports training turned out to be the most tested and scientifically substantiated concept in the field of physical culture and sports. Swimming was improved to the greatest extent within the framework of sports competitions. Today it is one of the most widespread and popular sports. In terms of the number of medals awarded at major international competitions, our sport is second only to athletics. Thus, at the 1998 World Championships, medals were awarded in 36 types of competitions, and at the Olympic Games in Sydney - in 32 types. If we compare the number of competitive distances of this last Olympics with the Games in Rome (1960), it turns out that the number of distances has more than doubled over four decades. 982 swimmers from 150 countries took part in the swimming competitions at the Olympic Games in Sydney (2000). This large number almost does not include African countries. Swimmers on the African continent, as a rule, do not achieve outstanding results in international competitions. Many African countries are still not represented in the International Amateur Swimming Federation (FINA). Today, only a few of them pay attention to the work of FINA, participating in referee seminars and various of its events (Angola, Brunei, Cayman Islands, Congo, Fiji, India, Iran, Kuwait, Nicaragua, Papua New Guinea).
Open water swims are becoming more and more popular every day. They attract a huge number of spectators. World and European championships and national championships are already being held. Our swimmers perform successfully at distances of 5, 10, 25 km. In 1998, at the World Championships, A. Akatiev became the winner at distances of 5 and 25 km. In 1999, the Russian men's and women's teams became European champions. As part of the team, the Yaroslavl athlete, international master of sports O. Shalygina, received a gold medal.
Experts note noticeable trends in the commercialization of swimming as a sport at the present time. The World Cup stages already allow leading swimmers to earn decent money. The system of the World Cup in short course swimming (25-meter pools) is being improved. There are 10-12 starts per year. Here are the cities that hosted the World Cup in the 2000/2001 season: Rio de Janeiro - Washington - Edmonton - Shanghai - Melbourne - Naples - Sheffield - Berlin - Stockholm - Paris. Today the task is to “work out” the competition calendar, successfully combining commercial competitions with official championships.
The most significant addition to the swimming competition program in recent years is the “ultra-short” sprint. He greatly increased the entertainment value of swimmers’ competitions and expanded the circle of fans, including television fans. The 50 meter distance brings together the most athletic athletes. It is characterized by an intense, sometimes dramatic struggle. The slightest mistake at the start or finish excludes the possibility of success: swimmers at the finish line are separated, as a rule, by thousandths of a second. What is their price? Let's remember the final swim at the Olympic Games in Atlanta. On the podium is US President B. Clinton. He is personally going to give $1 million to an American athlete if he wins this ultra-short distance. Our A. Popov wins the gold medal... The winner of the next Olympic Games in the 1500 m freestyle will receive 1 million dollars - so FINA decided.
The training of high-class swimmers capable of achieving victories at major international competitions is carried out in many countries around the world. Over the past decade, swimmers from the USA, Australia, Russia, Germany, China, Ukraine, Hungary, Ireland, South Africa, Finland, Canada, Spain, Japan, New Zealand, Belgium, Costa Rica, Poland, Sweden have become champions of the Olympic and World Games , Netherlands, France. Despite the enormous difficulties that sport is experiencing today in the countries of the former USSR, specialists from these countries have managed to achieve significant results in training high-class swimmers. We can talk about the system of the Soviet swimming school. Evidence of this is a number of names of athletes trained recently: A. Popov, D. Pankratov, Y. Klochkova, R. Sludnov, I. Chervinski, D. Silantyev, etc. Over the past three years in Russia, 13 athletes have received the title “Honored Master of Sports", 55 swimmers became international masters of sports.
The work of the Russian Swimming Federation is received with satisfaction in Europe and in the world. The fact of recognition of the Federation’s efforts in the international arena is the election in 2000 of G.P. Aleshina Vice-President of FINA. He is also the President of the Russian Swimming Federation and Vice-President of the Russian NOC. A sign of Russia's authority in competitive swimming is the decision taken to hold the World Short Course Championships and the International Medical Congress in Moscow in 2002.
It is traditionally believed that swimming is a sport for young people. Due to this circumstance, many people imagine that the decisive role in competitive swimming is played by age and some natural prerequisites, and the life of an athlete is short-lived. However, it is not. Today, the average age of the winners of the largest international competitions for men is from 18 to 25 years. Women have a similar range - from 16 to 27 years. All modern technologies of sports training in swimming require 10-12 years of systematic training. Such a long period allows a person to go from a beginner to an international master of sports and reach the international level of competition.
The optimal age to start swimming lessons for boys is 8-10 years, for girls - 7-9. Among specialists there are currently many opponents of early swimming training. It also seems to us that the entire preschool period should be a simple stay of the child in the water, hardening, mastering at the age of 5-6 some elementary movements necessary for further study of swimming techniques. When working with children of this age, the principle should be: “Do no harm!” (as in medicine). Directed learning can begin only during primary school age. This period is effective from the point of view of mastering motor skills of varying complexity.
Every year, the effectiveness of training swimmers is increasingly determined by the level of special knowledge. It has increased sharply in recent years. This period is characterized by fruitful research work in the field of morphology and physiology, biomechanics and biochemistry. Interesting and practically valuable knowledge was obtained during the development of the structure of competitive activity of swimmers; ways to optimize the control, management and modeling system in the sports training system; methods for developing motor qualities - strength, endurance, speed, flexibility, coordination abilities; effective options for sports equipment, methods of psychological preparation; optimal structure of long-term training, annual cycle, macro- and microcycles, direct lead-up to the most important sports competitions.
Today, swimming has enormous scientific potential. Evidence of this is, for example, the number of published works of a scientific and methodological nature in the oldest domestic scientific and theoretical journal “Theory and Practice of Physical Culture”. The list of such works is 550. We have analyzed the structure and content of domestic dissertations on swimming for the period from 1940 (when the first dissertation appeared) to 1999. . During this time, 320 dissertations were defended. Among them are doctoral dissertations by V.A. Parfenova, N.Zh. Bulgakova, S.M. Vaitsekhovsky, L.P. Makarenko, V.B. Issurina, D.F. Mosunova, E.I. Ivanchenko, S.V. Kolmogorova, T.G. Menshutkina. About 1000 inventions and discoveries are registered with the State Committee for Inventions and Discoveries of the Russian Federation.
The developments on the problems of sports selection and sports orientation by Professor N.Zh. Bulgakova. Her monographs have been translated into many foreign languages. N.Zh. Bulgakova was the first sports scientist in our country to become a corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Education. The works of G.D. are widely known in the world. Gorbunov on the topic: "Psychology of sports training and competitions." For many years he worked fruitfully with the outstanding swimmer V. Salnikov, proving in practice the truth of his scientific principles. Using swimming as an example, a concept for improving the motor actions of an athlete has been developed. Its author is St. Petersburg researcher D.F. Mosunov. Huge “swimming” material allowed V.N. Platonov to write the world's first textbook on sports. The most complex control and measuring equipment, electronic equipment, computers, and simulators are used.
The sporting achievements of Russian swimmers are still high. A. Popov and R. Sludnov are the authors of world records. European records at certain distances still belong to A. Popov, R. Sludnov, D. Pankratov, E. Sadovoy, V. Salnikov, a quartet of crawlers in the most difficult form of relay swimming - 4x200 m freestyle - D. Lepikov, V. Pyshnenko , V. Tayanovich, E. Sadovoy.
Huge opportunities for improving the system of specialized knowledge are opened up by the experience of swimming centers in different countries of the world. The most advanced organizational, methodological, material and technical achievements of modern navigation are concentrated here. There is such a center in Volgograd. Dozens of highly qualified trainers work there. Athletes have excellent medical care and pharmacological support. A biochemical laboratory is equipped. The center has good financial support. A year's training of an athlete in such a center costs a lot of money. The president of the club is the head coach of the Russian national team V.B. Avdienko is recognized by FINA as the best coach in the world over the last four years. Our outstanding coach G. Turetsky is successfully working under a contract in Australia, and the victories of the Australian national team swimmers at the Sydney Olympics (M. Klim, J. Thorpe) are associated with him. In July 1999, a swimming department was created at the School of Higher Sports Excellence in Moscow (SHVSM). His task was to prepare the strongest swimmers in Moscow to participate in Russian and international competitions. Swimmers are provided with the best conditions at the Olimpiysky sports complex. There are excellent opportunities for work in swimming in St. Petersburg. Excellent swimmers grow there year after year.
However, this was not always the case. In 1952, in Helsinki, our team took part in the Olympic Games for the first time. The first Olympic team included 18 swimmers (15 men and 3 women). The result turned out to be mediocre: only one entry into the final, and there – 6th place.
At the next Olympic Games (1956) in Melbourne, Soviet swimmers also showed poor results: only two bronze medals. The Olympics in Rome (1960) also did not bring us success: not a single medal, two fifth and one sixth places. This is how Z.P. writes. Firsov: “The main reason for the weak results of Soviet swimmers were methodological failures in preliminary preparation, and insufficient demands from coaches regarding the athletes’ implementation of training plans. A number of swimmers did not show sufficient volitional qualities, violated their diet, and significantly increased their weight.” The IV Plenum of the Central Council of the Union of Sports Societies and Organizations of the USSR noted that “due to poor physical technical training and special endurance, our best swimmers were not able to maintain high speed throughout the entire distance, their results decreased from the preliminary heats to the semi-finals and finals. Most of the swimmers of the national team have a poor command of the turning technique; they lack an effective stroke with their arms, especially with a frequent rhythm of movements.” Even before the Olympics, it was clear that our swimmers were lagging behind due to underestimation of physical fitness. Even then, the best Australian, Japanese and American swimmers swam 6-7 km in one training day, covering a large number of segments at high speeds (ours were only 2-3 km). The Presidium of the Central Council made a decision: the national team’s coaches “failed the team’s preparation, grossly violating all the basic principles of modern training methods.”
In the highlands of Mexico City (1968) the situation turned out to be a little better: 23 medals, but not a single gold one. American swimmers won 21 gold medals!
A huge increase in achievements was noted at the Olympic Games in Munich (1972): 30 world records, 79 Olympic and 313 national. Our swimmers showed a decline: only 2 silver and 3 bronze awards.
This situation in the “medal-winning” sport - swimming - did not suit the leadership of the CPSU and the Soviet government. There was a struggle between two political systems. The Central Committee of the CPSU decided: “Catch up and overtake America!”: after all, since 1920, the majority of medals in swimming have traditionally gone to American athletes. In the USA, by 1942, over 30 thousand indoor swimming pools had been built. In our country their number reached 1 thousand only by 1977 (today there are about 2200; in the USA - over 4,500,000). After the decision of the Central Committee, the “flywheel” of the system began to rapidly “unwind”. Swimming departments were opened at the Youth Sports School, swimming sports schools were intensively created, and departments were organized at physical education universities. The country's leading coaches traveled to the regions to “raise” swimming centers. They were provided with all conditions for work.
Within a few years, the system of organizational measures yielded results. Soviet swimmers achieved outstanding results in the international arena in the late seventies. This is clearly evidenced by the victories of V. Salnikov, M. Yurcheni, M. Kosheva, L. Kachushite, I. Polyansky, S. Fesenko, A. Krylov, S. Koplyakov, Yu. Bogdanova and many others. A radical restructuring in order to get out of a seemingly hopeless situation was provided by a number of leading specialists, led by the head coach of the USSR national team S.M. Vaitsekhovsky.
What is the reason for such a significant shift in domestic competitive swimming?
First of all, serious organizational, material and technical prerequisites were provided for the implementation of a modern training system. In particular, the following main organizational points were highlighted:
organic relationship between higher-level (country national teams) and lower-level (children's and youth sports schools, children's sports schools, school sports schools, schools, sports schools and departments, union republics) organizational units in terms of goals, objectives, personnel, logistics and scientific-methodological training of athletes;
the conditionality of the competition system, material and moral stimulation of coaches by the quality of building a sports training system from the standpoint of the interests of the country's national teams;
creating conditions that ensure constant healthy competition among athletes during the training process and its use as a factor in increasing performance, more fully mobilizing the body’s functional reserves and optimizing adaptation processes;
uniting the best coaches and the best athletes, regardless of their departmental affiliation and territorial location, and thereby creating conditions for the effective exchange of experience and for training sparring;
concentration of efforts of all interested organizations on solving the problems of accelerating the growth of sports achievements;
creating a particularly favorable social atmosphere around the national teams of the country.
swimming swimmer sports
Conclusion
The swimmer training system developed and implemented in the country was based on the methodology of a systematic approach and ensured the unity of training, competitions, extra-training and extra-competitive factors. Much attention was paid to material and technical factors. Availability of training bases, widespread introduction and use of simulators, a developed set of rehabilitation measures, targeted educational work, a fundamental change in the sports training system (increasing the volume of training and competitive loads, intensity, strength training on land, rational construction of loads at the stage of maintaining the highest sports achievements, developed the original methodology of direct preparation for the main starts of the season, differentiated improvement of the components of a swimmer’s competitive activity - start, turns, sections of the “smooth” distance, finish and much more) quickly yielded positive results. The Soviet system of sports training took shape.
In the rivalry and struggle of swimmers from different countries, the world has gained enormous knowledge about swimming, which needs to be studied and put into practice.
Bibliography
Bulgakova N.Zh. Selection and training of young swimmers. M.: FiS, 1986.
Vikulov A.D., Doinichenkov S.V., Turchaninov S.Yu., Sen A.P. Structure and content of domestic dissertations on swimming. Yaroslavl, 1999.
Vorontsov A.R. Methods for developing endurance in young swimmers. M., 1995.
Maglischo E.W. Swimming Even Faster. Mountain View, California. London. Toronto: Mayfield Publishing Company. 1993.
Mosunov D.F. Didactic foundations for improving the motor actions of an athlete (using the example of swimming). St. Petersburg, 1996.
Scientific support for swimmer training: Pedagogical and medical-biological research / Edited by T.M. Absalyamov and T.S. Timakova. M.: FiS, 1983.
Olympic Games 1960. M., 1961.
Swimming. Directory / Comp. Z.P. Firsov. M.: FiS, 1976.
Swimming. Textbook for university students in physics. culture / Under the general ed. V.N. Platonov. Kyiv: Olympic Academy, 2000.
Sports swimming. Textbook for universities physics. culture / Ed. N.Zh. Bulgakova. M.: FON, 1996.
Timakova T.S. Long-term training and its individualization (biological aspects). M.: FiS, 1985.
Platonov V.N., Fesenko S.L. The strongest swimmers in the world. M.: FiS, 1990.
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According to the classification of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) swimming as a sport, includes: competitive swimming, water polo, diving and synchronized swimming. The development of swimming in the world is coordinated by the International Swimming Federation (FINA), founded in 1908 and holding world championships since 1973, and in Europe by the League of European Swimming (LEN), created in 1926 and holding European championships since 1926. In terms of the number of medals awarded at the Olympic Games, swimming is in second place, second only to athletics.
You can consider swimming not as a set of water sports, but from the point of view of the purpose of movement. Then swimming can be divided into several types (sports, applied, recreational, figure, game, underwater). Each type of swimming is characterized by special movements or methods of movement in the aquatic environment. And the method of movement in the water, in turn, determines the swimming technique.
Let us present the above in the form of a diagram and consider in more detail the types of swimming and some types of water sports.
Competitive swimming
Competitive swimming includes various types of competitions held in pools 50 or 25 meters long at distances from 50 to 1500 meters, as well as in open water in the form of long-distance swims (5, 10, 25 km). The swimmer (team) who reaches the finish line first wins.The distance must be overcome in various ways strictly regulated by the competition rules. Sports swimming methods include: freestyle (front crawl), butterfly (dolphin), breaststroke, backstroke (backstroke). In terms of speed, the fastest swimming method is the front crawl, followed by the butterfly, backstroke and breaststroke.
Sports swimming methods (from left to right): backstroke, breaststroke, butterfly, freestyle
Competitive swimming was included in the program of the First Olympic Games of 1896, held in Athens. Then the following distances were presented: 100 meters, 500 meters, 1200 meters freestyle and 100 meters for sailors.
At present Olympic swimming program in a 50-meter pool includes 32 numbers (16 distances for men and 16 for women):
- single swimming in sports methods at various distances: freestyle (50, 100, 200, 400, 800 meters for women and 50, 100, 200, 400 and 1500 meters for men), backstroke (100 and 200 meters), breaststroke ( 100 and 200 meters), butterfly (100 and 200 meters),
- medley swimming (200 and 400 meters). Equal sections of the distance are overcome by different swimming methods, alternating in a clear sequence;
- freestyle relays 4 * 100 and 4 * 200 meters. Four swimmers take turns swimming the same length of freestyle;
- medley relay 4 * 100 meters. Each participant swims his stage using a certain swimming method.
The program of the World Championships and other international competitions is somewhat different from the Olympic one. In addition, separate competitions are held in “short course” (in a 25-meter pool).
A type of sport swimming is swims- swims over long distances (more than 2 km), carried out in natural reservoirs. Marathon swims are held at distances of 5, 10, 25 km. Swims with a length of up to 100 - 150 km are known. Swimming participants have the right to use any swimming methods during the distance, change them while covering the distance, and also eat food while in an unsupported position in the water.
Sports swimming at various distances is included as a compulsory exercise in various types all-around(modern pentathlon, officers' pentathlon, etc.).
By following the links you can familiarize yourself with the successes of Soviet and Russian Olympians, read about outstanding swimmers and female swimmers of the world, and read.
Play swimming
Play swimming- this is the use of all kinds of outdoor games in an aquatic environment. Games evoke great emotions, increase activity, develop coordination, promote a sense of camaraderie and initiative. A variety of games and entertainment are widely used in health camps and when organizing water festivals. One of these games, water polo, has become an Olympic sport.– a sports team game with a ball on the water, the goal of the game is to throw the ball into the opponent’s goal as many times as possible and not let the ball go into your own goal. The game takes place in a pool measuring 30x20 meters, with a depth of at least 180 cm. There are marking lines at the bottom of the water field, they are also indicated by floats of different colors along the border of the pool. The game involves 2 teams, 7 players each, one of them is a goalkeeper. Gate size: 3 meters wide, 90 cm high. The goalkeeper is the only player on the team who can touch the ball with both hands. A water polo ball is similar to a volleyball, it should not absorb water, the color of the ball is usually yellow, the circumference is from 68 to 71 cm, the weight is from 400 to 450 grams (only 3 sizes: for children, juniors and adults). The game consists of 4 periods, lasting 8 minutes of pure time. Each team can possess the ball for no more than 30 seconds. 
Water polo was invented in the second half of the 19th century by Scotsman William Wilson. The prototype of the game was rugby. Water polo is one of the oldest Olympic sports. Water polo among men's teams entered the Olympic program in 1900, and women's - only 100 years later. The largest number of medals at the Olympic Games (gold and total) were won by Hungarian water polo players. Soviet water polo players have been participating in the Olympic Games since 1952 and have repeatedly won Olympic medals (2 gold, 2 silver, 3 bronze). Russian water polo players have 1 silver and 2 bronze.
The World Water Polo Championships have been held for men since 1973 and for women since 1986 under the auspices of FINA.
Sports diving
Sports diving– one of the most spectacular water sports competitions. Athletes jump from a springboard or platform, performing a series of acrobatic actions during the jump (screws, revolutions, rotations). There are single and synchronized pair jumps. The judges evaluate the run-up and stance on the apparatus, take-off, quality of performance of acrobatic elements in flight, entry into the water and synchronization (in pairs jumps).
Sports diving
Projectiles for diving are:
- Springboard– a special spring board, one end of which is fixed to the side of the pool. Board size: length - 4.8 meters, width 50 cm. The front edge of the springboard protrudes beyond the edge of the pool by at least 1.5 meters. When performing a jump from a springboard, the athlete first swings on it and then, pushing off powerfully, jumps into the water. The springboard can be meter or three meter.
- Tower– a structure with several platforms at different heights. The width of each platform is 2 meters, length - 6 meters. The edge of the platform protrudes beyond the edge of the pool by at least 1.5 meters. Jumps are performed from a tower of 5, 7.5 and 10 meters.
Diving appeared as a sport in the mid-19th century in Germany. Single jumps were first included in the Olympic program in 1904, and synchronized jumps in 2000. Athletes from the United States have been the most successful in this sport, winning more than 130 Olympic medals by 2013 (more than a third of which are gold). At the Olympic Games, 8 sets of medals are played out: 4 sets are played out for men and women in 3-meter springboard diving (singles and synchronized) and 10-meter platform (singles and synchronized). Diving is included in the program of the World and European Aquatics Championships.
Figure swimming
Figure (artistic, synchronized) swimming is a set of various movements, including elements of choreography, acrobatic and gymnastic combinations. Can be performed individually (solo), in pairs and in groups. Synchronized swimming is one of the most beautiful sports.
Synchronized swimming originated in Canada in the 1920s, when this type of swimming was called “water ballet.” Synchronized swimming became an Olympic sport in 1984. The competition consists of technical (compulsory) and long (free) programs. In the technical program, athletes must perform certain figures to music. In the free program there are no restrictions on musical or choreographic compositions. A jury of 10 judges evaluates the technique and artistry of the performance on a 10-point scale. In terms of the total number of medals in the Olympic history of this sport, the Japanese are ahead (12 awards). At the Olympic Games in 2000, 2004, 2008, 2012. The Russian team won all the gold medals - this is the largest number of gold medals in Olympic synchronized swimming.
Applied swimming
Applied swimming- a person’s ability to float on the water (that is, master the skill of swimming) and perform vital actions and activities in water.Applied swimming is used when performing certain applied tasks, such as swimming across a water barrier, assisting a drowning or tired swimmer, retrieving objects from the bottom, transporting objects through a water barrier, etc. The ability to swim is necessary for people of many professions, for example, fishermen, navy workers, biologists, military personnel, geologists, and rescuers.
Applied swimming includes:
- swimming using sports, original and combined swimming methods
- diving and moving underwater
- applied diving
- rescuing drowning people and helping tired swimmers
- swimming in extreme conditions
- overcoming water obstacles
More often than others, breaststroke, backstroke, and side swimming are used to transport drowning people; to quickly swim to an object - front crawl (if the swimmer is not constrained by clothing); for overcoming long distances - breaststroke, front crawl without arms out, for transporting loads - back breaststroke, front breaststroke, side swimming.
Diving and jumping into water are of great practical importance. When diving, a slightly modified technique of sports swimming methods is used: breaststroke, crawl, or a combination of techniques of these methods. Elements of side swimming and dolphin style can also be used. To quickly dive from a supporting position (from the shore, boat), jump into the water upside down and upside down. From an unsupported position, you can also dive upside down or with your feet.
Rescue of drowning people and assistance to tired swimmers is also a branch of applied swimming. The rescuer’s actions can be divided into stages: entering the water, swimming to the victim, searching for the victim under water, freeing him from possible captures, transporting him to the shore, providing first aid on land. Each of these stages is very important, because the life of the person being rescued (and sometimes even the rescuer himself) depends on the qualifications of the rescuer.
Recreational swimming
Recreational swimming- use of the features of swimming movements and the presence of the body in water for therapeutic, preventive, restorative, tonic, hygienic, hardening and other purposes. Swimming is one of the most effective means of recovery. Recreational swimming is used in the system of physical education of a person throughout his life, from infancy to old age. Swimming has minimal restrictions for people with various health conditions compared to other types of physical exercise.Regular swimming lessons have a beneficial effect on human health and performance, train the maximum number of organs and systems of the body, while being one of the least traumatic types of physical activity. Swimming strengthens the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, develops and strengthens the musculoskeletal system, helps create a beautiful silhouette, helps control weight, and improves skin smoothness. Children who swim a lot and regularly grow faster. Swimming helps develop endurance and coordination of movements. Swimming allows you to maintain excellent flexibility of the spine and normal range of motion of the joints until old age, and prevents the development of osteochondrosis. Swimming also has a beneficial effect on the nervous system of those involved. Swimming improves sleep, reduces stress levels, relieves tension and increases performance. A person who regularly swims is less susceptible to colds due to the improvement of the thermoregulation mechanism.
Swimming is recommended as remedy for various curvatures of the spine, postural defects, degenerative joint diseases, diseases of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems, obesity, neuroses, for recovery after operations and injuries.
In recreational swimming, a wide variety of swimming methods can be used (both sports and original), and special exercises in the water, elements of play swimming.
Diving
Diving is a person's swimming underwater with the help of various supporting means and devices. Scuba diving also exists as a type (more precisely, a group of types) of underwater sports. Underwater sports is a broad concept that includes a set of sports disciplines associated with the athlete being partially or completely under the surface of the water. The international federation for underwater sports is the World Confederation of Underwater Activities (CMAS), recognized by the International Olympic Committee. However, underwater sports are not currently included in the Olympic Games program. 
Underwater sports (from left to right): underwater orienteering, fin swimming, underwater rugby, underwater shooting
Underwater sports disciplines include:
- Apnea (freediving)
A group of underwater sports disciplines that require the athlete to perform certain exercises or overcome a distance while holding their breath. Competitions take place in the pool and open water. The following areas of apnea can be distinguished:- Dynamic apnea with and without fins (monofin). The goal is to overcome the maximum distance in length while holding your breath. The competition takes place in the pool.
- Static apnea. Goal: demonstrate holding your breath for as long as possible while still, lying on the surface of the water with your face submerged in the water. The competition takes place in the pool.
- Diving with constant or variable weight. Goal: dive to maximum depth while holding your breath and emerge. Depending on the variety, special equipment (drop weights, cart, fins) may or may not be used. Also, depending on the variety, whether descending/ascending the cable using your hands is allowed or not. Competitions are held in open water.
- Apnea square. Goal: to overcome the maximum distance along a trajectory along the faces of a cube with a side of 15 meters. Competitions are held in open water.
- Sport diving
Sports diving competitions are held in the pool in the following disciplines:- 300m medley. Goal: cover the distance in the shortest possible time. Part of the distance is required to be completed underwater using a basic self-contained breathing apparatus, part of the distance is required to be completed on the surface using a breathing tube.
- Obstacle course 100 meters. Goal: to cover the distance in the shortest possible time, while performing certain exercises that demonstrate the basic skills of a diver and overcome special obstacles.
- Night diving. Goal: to collect three weights weighing 1 kg each, located at a given distance from the trigger end, in the shortest possible time. A light-proof cover is put on the athlete's mask.
- Lifting load. Goal: in the shortest possible time, reach a 6-kilogram load located underwater at a distance of 25 meters from the starting line. Then lift the load using a standard buoy.
- Scuba diving with fins
The goal of fin diving competitions is to cover the distance on/under the surface of the water in the shortest possible time. Athlete's equipment: swimming suit, bifins or monofin, mask. In this group of disciplines there is a very large number of competitive distances, some of which are completed using a snorkel and scuba gear. - Underwater navigation
Underwater orienteering competitions are held in open waters. Athlete's equipment: wetsuit, scuba gear, mask, fins, magnetic compass, log (distance counter) and depth gauge. The athlete’s task is to overcome a certain route with maximum accuracy in the minimum time. The competition program includes various individual ("zones", "landmarks", "star", "map", "parallels") and group exercises ("MONK", "team search"). The results are assessed based on the accuracy of orientation and the time it takes to cover the distance. - Underwater tourism
Underwater tourism - participation in expeditions to study various bodies of water. The preparedness of an underwater tourist is assessed by the number and degree of complexity of expeditions, and the fulfillment of special control standards. - Underwater sport shooting
Underwater sport shooting - hitting stationary and moving targets from a certain distance with an underwater gun. Shooting is done without scuba gear while holding your breath. The competition takes place in the pool. - Spearfishing
Underwater hunting is carried out in open waters and involves searching for and hitting a live target - fish - within a certain time in a given area. Hunting is carried out by holding your breath. Equipment: mask, fins, underwater gun or crossbow. - Aquathlon (underwater wrestling)
Aquathlon is a competition between two athletes who perform short bouts in and under water while holding their breath, trying to take possession of a ribbon attached to the opponent’s ankle. The fight takes place in a 5*5 meter ring, the depth of the pool is 2-6 meters. The competition consists of three 30-second rounds. Wrestlers' equipment: swimsuit, fins, mask, 2 ankle cuffs, 2 fabric bands attached to the cuffs. - Underwater hockey
The game involves 2 teams, each of which consists of 6 players equipped with fins, masks, snorkels, and sticks. The goal of the game is to score the puck into the opponent's goal by pushing it along the bottom of the pool. The size of the hockey pool is 2581582 meters. The length of the gate is 3 meters. The game lasts 2 periods of 15 minutes each. - Underwater rugby
The competition takes place underwater in a pool 3.5-5 meters deep. On a playing field measuring 10-12 meters wide and 15-18 meters long, there are 2 teams, 6 people each. Players' equipment: fins, mask and snorkel. The goal of the game is to score a negatively buoyant ball into the opponent’s basket located at the bottom of the pool. The diameter of the basket is 40-45 cm, the diameter of the ball is 25 cm. The game lasts 2 periods of 15 minutes each. - Underwater photography
Underwater photography is carried out in open waters. The task of the athletes is to take the most successful photograph from an artistic point of view within a certain time and with a limited number of frames. Equipment: digital camera, basic set of diving equipment.
» Swimming
History of the development of swimming, swimming styles
Swimming is a very beautiful and exciting sport. In addition, this is a very useful and at the same time enjoyable sport, as it strengthens all muscle groups, and also helps to relax the body and the likelihood of injury is quite small.
The history of the development of swimming has very long roots.
In ancient times, all peoples had a cult of water. People revered the gods who commanded the waters (Poseidon, Neptune).
The earliest images showing people swimming in ways similar to breaststroke and crawl, date back to the 4th - 2nd centuries. BC. The art of swimming was highly valued. Every year in Hermione, in honor of a holiday dedicated to the god of the seas, and since 1300, swimming competitions have always been held at the Games, held on Isthmus at the sanctuary of Poseidon every two years.
The historian Herodotus described the feat of the Greek diver Scyllis, who sank in 478 BC. e. Persian fleet. During a storm, he swam to the enemy ships and cut the anchor ropes holding them, causing them to crash against the rocks. Returning, the hero swam 5 km. and often dived to avoid being noticed by the Persians. In honor of Scyllis's feat, his compatriots erected a statue of him in Delphi.
The ability to swim well was also highly revered during the Roman Empire. Roman troops had specially trained detachments on their ships, whose tasks included repairing the underwater parts of ships and naval reconnaissance.
In the Middle Ages, a knight at his initiation had to demonstrate his ability to swim in armor. The first amateur swimming school was founded in 1785 in Paris. In Russia, such an institution first appeared in 1825 in St. Petersburg.
History of the development of swimming as a sport
First 
International swimming competitions took place in 1889 in the capital of Romania, Budapest. Swimming made its debut at the modern Olympics at the first of them in 1896 in Athens.
In 1908, the International Amateur Swimming Federation (FINA) was created.
This sport was constantly developing, new high-speed swimming styles appeared.
In 1887, at the first official British competitions, swimmers used only breaststroke on the side without removing your hands from the water - the oldest way. The first records at long and short distances were set with breaststroke. This method was also described in 1538 by the Dane N. Binman. This style of swimming was probably adopted from a frog at one time. For a long time this species was called “frog-style” swimming. In the 19th century This method is called breaststroke.
At the 1928 Olympics in Amsterdam, Cuban I. Indelfonso won. He showed the highest result thanks to strokes with his arms up to his hips. In 1954, Soviet swimmer M. Petrusevich set a world record by swimming part of the distance underwater. Thus, the diving breaststroke with a stroke of the arms up to the hips arose - a high-speed version of the classic one. In 1957, due to changes in the rules, it was banned.
In the mid-30s of the twentieth century. a new style of swimming has appeared - butterfly, so named because of its resemblance to the movements of a butterfly's wings. At official competitions, the American Jimmy Higgins swam this way for the first time in 1935 and set a world record at a distance of 100 m, showing a time of 1 minute 10.8 seconds. In the same year, his record was broken by the Soviet sailor Semyon Boychenko, swimming the same distance in 1 minute and 8 seconds.
At the 1948 Olympics, the athlete who swam breaststroke in the final competition showed the worst result. After which FINA divided the breaststroke and butterfly competitions.
In those same years, the high-speed dolphin butterfly stroke became established: instead of leg movements using the breaststroke technique, the athlete began to perform wave-like movements with the whole body, including the legs. This method, which was distinguished by its unusually high speed, was first shown by the American D. Sieg in 1935. In 1953, using this method, the Hungarian Gyorde Tumpek set a world record. Since then, athletes began to use only the high-speed variety of butterfly.
Crawl style
At the end of the nineteenth century. appeared fastest swimming style- rabbit. It combines shortened arm strokes and lateral energetic movements of the legs with slight flexion and extension at the knee. Australians borrowed this look from their neighbors from the nearby archipelagos. The first to demonstrate the crawl at the competition was A. Wickham, originally from the Solomon Islands. Wickham already swam almost modern crawl in 1898, but due to the fact that by the end of the distance he was exhausted, his method was not very popular then. Subsequently, the crawl style of swimming was improved. Soon the undeniable advantages of the crawl were demonstrated by the great American swimmer, world record holder and five-time Olympic champion Johnny Weissmuller in 1922 - 1940. His result at a distance of 100 m (57.4 s) remained unsurpassed for 10 years. From 1924 to 1934 
Swimming competition
The four main swimming strokes competed are backstroke, front crawl, butterfly (dolphin) and breaststroke. At official competitions, both men and women compete in the front crawl (freestyle) at distances of 50, 100, 200, 400, 800 and 1500 m, swim on the backstroke at 100 and 200 m. Breaststroke and butterfly swim at distances of 100 and 200 m.
Swimming is the second sport after athletics in terms of representation in the Olympic program, in terms of the number of medals awarded.
Swimming is one of the most valuable natural human skills. Being in his natural element, the swimmer develops physically, strengthens the immune system and, overcoming distances, fights his insecurities. Swimming as a sport appeared with the development of civilizations and is still a spectacular and exciting competition. Over time, directions and methods of navigation emerged. Swimming pools for international competitions became more modern every year, and children's sports developed. This extraordinary sport has become a part of a person’s busy life, helping him develop lasting life skills.
Sailing history
Since ancient times, water has attracted humanity with its beauty and purity; people wanted to become part of the element. In Ancient Greece, as well as Rome, warriors knew how to swim across stormy rivers, and in Egypt, inscriptions have been preserved of the first trainer, who taught children and swam with them, showing them the first exercises. The Slavs also did not stand aside, the first swimming competitions were held on rivers and reservoirs, the winner was the one who brought large prey to the shores: a big fish.
The history of swimming as a sport dates back to the end of the 19th century. In 1786, the first sports school opened in Paris, and almost half a century later the same institution opened in St. Petersburg. It was not far from the first international competitions: they started in 1889 in Hungary, and with the beginning of the twentieth century, swimming was already included in the programs of the Olympic Games.
In the USSR, the beginning of the twentieth century was marked by the holding of the first official major competitions, in 1913 in Ukraine, and in 1914 in Latvia. Sports results at that time were not high, but the development of Russian and then Soviet swimming had begun.
In 1922, swimmers from the USSR were united by the Dolphin community, which became the first swimming organization. In the mid-30s of the 20th century, our athletes began to perform successfully in international swimming, and Soviet sports swimming was developing at a rapid pace. In 1952, swimmers took part in the Olympic competitions; their performance was not very successful yet, but major successes were ahead.
The first serious victory in women's swimming was won by schoolgirl from Crimea Galina Prozumenshchikova. She became the champion at the Olympics in Japan in 1964, swimming the 200 m breaststroke.
Until now, the history of Russian and Soviet swimming has developed in Russia at different rates: there have been victories and defeats. However, Soviet and Russian swimmers have enough cups, medals and championship titles to consider swimming a truly Russian sport.
Swimming and health
- strengthens internal organs and their work: cardiac, vascular and nervous systems (eliminates nervousness), breathing;
- promotes the growth of adolescents, since while sliding on water the spine is unloaded and stretched;
- hardens the body, the processes of thermoregulation are improved, thereby increasing the resistance of the body systems to unfavorable environmental factors;
- prevents stagnation in the veins and arteries, promoting the return of venous blood to the heart;
- promotes weight loss through active physical activity;
- develops the lungs, stimulating air exchange in them;
- aligns posture by freeing intervertebral discs from stress.
Contraindications
Unfortunately, this famous sport still has several contraindications that you need to pay attention to when visiting the pool:
- acute diseases of the spine and pain in it;
- viral and fungal diseases, burns;
- infectious and pulmonary diseases;
- brain dysfunction;
- epilepsy, seizures.
Late pregnancy can be an obstacle to heavy training, but it is allowed to improve the health of the body in consultation with a doctor.
Kinds
The IOC classification identifies four official types of Olympic swimming. In fact, there are many more of them, new ones appear every year. Olympic medals are awarded in the following swimming events.
1. Sports – competitions are held in 50 or 25 m pools at a distance of 50 m to 1.5 km or in open water at a distance of 5–25 km or more. The distance must be covered using the chosen method: crawl, breaststroke, butterfly or backstroke.
2. Synchronized is a relatively young sport that includes elements of dance and a musical part. Teams of several girls perform compulsory and demonstration programs, which are evaluated by a jury of 10 people. Russian athletes managed to win the most world awards in this event.
3. Water polo is a team sport. This is a team ball game in which two teams of seven people participate. The game, the goal of which is to throw the ball into the opponent's goal, lasts four periods of eight minutes. During a match, only the goalkeeper has the right to take the ball with both hands; the players only send it to each other.
4. Diving: a spectacular event. Athletes perform jumps from a platform or springboard, and judges evaluate their work on a difficulty scale from 1.2 to 4 points. The run-up, the clarity of the take-off from the springboard, the quality of the flip in the air and the entry into the water are assessed. Athletes jump both alone and in pairs.
There are several more types of swimming as an official sport that have long had practical or other significance.
1. Applied - used in many areas of human life, in which it is impossible to do without the ability to float on water. Good swimming and diving: the prerogatives of rescuers, fishermen, geologists, sailors, and other military personnel. An important part of applied swimming is rescuing drowning people, when the rescuer must be a top-class swimmer, since human life depends on his skills.
2. Wellness – familiar to people who monitor the condition of their body. Its healing, tonic, restorative and body-hardening functions are known. This is part of the physical education of a person from infancy to old age. There are a lot of factors known that have a beneficial effect on the human body, and not all of them have yet been fully studied.
3. Underwater - is developing rapidly thanks to new technologies that allow you to breathe freely in the water and the opening of new places where you can dive. Freediving is gaining popularity - athletes covering a given distance while holding their breath. Or sports diving, which has in its arsenal such categories as an obstacle course, night swimming, and lifting loads. Many travelers began to engage in underwater tourism, hunting, and photography. Sports competitions take place underwater: hockey, wrestling, rugby, etc.
4. Open water competitions have become widespread; not only professionals, but also amateurs take part in them. The participants' task is to swim a significant distance without resting. Pools can be rivers, lakes and seas. Such competitions are held at different times of the year and in different countries. Swimming across the English Channel and Bosphorus are popular; in Russia, competitions are held on Lake Baikal. In these swims, participants show perseverance as a result of training and fortitude. Sometimes you have to deal with difficult weather conditions on the way to the finish line.
Methods
Throughout the history of the development of swimming, methods have begun to emerge, each of which is currently included in the program of international competitions.
1. Freestyle - the name speaks for itself. Previously, it was declared that a swimmer can cover the distance in any style that is more convenient for him, and this will be considered freestyle. But the fastest turned out to be the crawl (from English. crawl- crawl), so freestyle swimming has recently meant crawl. It is no coincidence that the name of the style is associated with this English word: the swimmer stretches out on the water, slides or crawls along its surface. At the same time, he makes uniform, wide strokes with his arms and a “scissors” movement with his legs. In freestyle, complete coordination of movements is extremely important, as well as correct, measured breathing.
Crawl is the most common method of movement on the surface of the water and is very spectacular. The latest swims of athletes covering distances of 50, 100, 200 m deserve attention; the speed in these segments develops significantly. The record was set by the Brazilian Cesar Cielo (50 m - 20.91 seconds), and has not been broken for 8 years.
2. The back crawl is almost the same as the regular crawl. The only difference is that the athlete performs sliding movements while lying on the surface of the water on his back. The style is not considered as fast as a regular crawl, despite the fact that the swimmer breathes freely and starts not from the starting block, as usual, but by pushing off from the side of the pool with his feet. Clarity is important in style: alternating movements of the limbs. Particular attention is paid to the technique of the hands, which perform three phases of movements: grasping, pulling, returning to the original position.
The method is actively used in applied navigation, for example, when transporting victims, cargo, and emergency situations. Doctors recommend swimming with this style: with the help of training, they achieve straightening of the spine, and it is also recommended for patients with heart diseases.
3. Breaststroke is a popular style, the name of which comes from the French. brass - hand. While moving along the track, the swimmer makes wide swings - strokes with his arms, while simultaneously pushing off the water with his legs. Historical data suggests that this is the most ancient form of swimming. The rock paintings show that the ancient inhabitants of our planet moved along the water surface in exactly this way.
The method is considered the slowest of all: its technique has changed more than once. For example, at the beginning of the twentieth century, athletes performed swims with their heads high above the water. Then the technique changed: it became possible to lower the head into the water to exhale and stretch the arms forward. The most popular distance is 200 m, the world record for men lasts for more than a year (2.06.6 minutes) and belongs to the Japanese athlete Ippei Watanabe.
4. The butterfly stroke resembles the flight of a butterfly over the surface of the water, and is accessible to trained swimmers, as it requires a lot of energy expenditure to overcome the distance and perfect mastery of technical techniques. During movement, the upper body practically rises above the surface of the water, and at this time the legs make a movement reminiscent of the swing of a dolphin's tail. It is considered the second fastest after freestyle.
Until 1953, butterfly was considered a type of breaststroke, and only in the middle of the twentieth century was it singled out as a separate competitive discipline.
5. Medley swimming. In this discipline, swimming is performed in all known styles: crawl, breaststroke, backstroke and butterfly. Officially, men and women compete at distances of 200 and 400 m: they must swim 50 or 100 m in different ways. This style was not immediately recognized: in 1968, only the 200 m distance was included in the Olympic program, however, then medley swimming was forgotten and was resumed only in 1984.
6. Relay race is a team swim, in which members of national teams swim in different ways alternately: backstroke, breaststroke, butterfly, crawl. Since 1960, the Olympic Games have competed for medals in the 4x100m category for men and women. The so-called 4x50m medley relay (swim) is popular, but it is not an Olympic discipline.
Pool
According to the documents regulating swimming, the International Federation of this sport, competition pools are 50 m long (long water) and 25 m (short water). Bath depth: from 1.5 to 6 m, depending on the purpose. More specific sizes are also available.
| Pool | |||
| Bath length (m) | Bath width (m) | Number of tracks | Track width (m) |
| 50 | 25 | 10 | 2,5 |
| 50 | 21 | 10 | 2 |
| 25 | 16 | 8 | 1,9 |
| 25 | 11 | 6 | 1,75 |
| 25 | 8,5 | 5 | 1,6 |
The paths in the pool are separated by special floats - wave dampers. Their color within 5 m from the end sides of the pool should be different from the rest; usually, red floats are pulled at the beginning and end of the bath, and green or blue floats are used throughout the distance.
The pools are equipped with starting posts or tables. Their surfaces are made in relief so that the athletes’ feet do not slip at the start. The bottom of the pool is lined with dark lines in the shape of the letter “T” to orient the competitors. The water temperature is maintained between 25–29 degrees.
Equipment
At first glance, it seems that the swimmer has practically no equipment, but this is far from the case. Each element is important to achieve results.
Swimsuits and swimming trunks made of polyester or lycra are selected taking into account the size; nothing should interfere with the swimmer, on the contrary, it should help, creating conditions for sliding on the surface of the water. The cap tightly covers the ears and fits the head, protecting the hair from the effects of pool water. Swimmers take into account the length of hair that needs to be hidden under it. The caps are made of latex, silicone or fabric. Glasses are selected to protect the eyes from water; they must fit firmly to the bridge of the nose and the back of the head. Light and non-slip slippers are required for the pool.
The swimmer’s equipment does not end there; equipment is needed with which intensive training is carried out. Foam boards and balls, with which during training they practice stretching and precise swings, maintain balance. Fins of different lengths and weighted belts for specific exercises.
Competition system, judging
Competitions held according to official rules include morning and evening swims. The morning ones are considered preliminary; based on their results, finalists and semi-finalists are determined who will take part in the evening programs. The competition program includes awards in the crawl, backstroke, dolphin, and breaststroke distances.
During the competition, each judge is responsible for assessing the swimmer at a certain stage and monitoring the absence of violations at the distances.
| Judge | Responsibilities |
| Main | Heads the panel of judges, is responsible for the overall judicial assessment, organizes the work of subordinates |
| Starting | Monitors correct entry into the water and eliminates false starts |
| Timekeeper | Timed from start to finish |
| Finishing | Marks the finish time and the clarity of touching the side (currently this specialist is being replaced by automated systems) |
| Turning Judge | Monitors the correctness of turns at a distance |
| Technical | Monitors technical movements |
One can talk endlessly about swimming; it is impossible to imagine the life of a modern person without it. This is the oldest sport, a means for the treatment and prevention of many diseases, a profession and an extraordinary spectacle.
Being a professional sport, swimming makes it possible for amateurs to practice it: children, disabled people, elderly people, since it has almost no contraindications. To start doing it, you only need desire.
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Nowadays there are many types of swimming
Swimming, How view sports, is gaining more and more popularity in the world, thanks to media coverage of world and European level competitions, as well as various tournaments and championships within the country.
Nowadays there are many types of swimming Interest in this sport is fueled by interviews with famous athletes, beautiful videos on the Internet and many new, well-equipped swimming pools built in many cities. As they say, in such conditions “God himself ordered” to go swimming.
Basic kinds swimming V pool are divided into:
- Wellness
- Sports
- Diving
- Synchronized swimming
- Water polo
In open water they practice scuba diving and organize long-distance swims - marathons.
These basic kinds swimming are further subdivided into specific categories. Each type has its own rules and techniques. They are very different in their goals and purpose.
Types of sports swimming - how to choose the best
Sport swimming includes several styles, each of which has its own technique, certain beauty and speed capabilities. To describe the technique of each style, you can write a separate abstract, kinds swimming begin to be studied and practically mastered by a novice swimmer from the very first lessons. Competitive swimming is an Olympic sport.
Types of sports swimming - how to choose the best Competitions are held on a regular basis. Children begin to seriously engage in this sport at the age of 5-6, and as they grow older and train hard, many achieve good results. Sports schools produce excellent swimmers who are capable of setting records and taking the highest places in competitions.
Basic kinds or styles sports swimming:
- Crawl
- Breaststroke
- Butterfly
- Backstroke
Healthy swimming for the whole body
Healthy swimming does not involve any competition, but is based on exercises in the water to stretch and strengthen various muscle groups; this swimming has practically no contraindications. When practicing this type of swimming, there is no heavy load on the ligaments and joints, and the spine does not suffer.
Healthy swimming for the whole body
It is used for rehabilitation after injuries and operations, and is also becoming one of the few sports that can be practiced even by older people. This swimming is practiced for hardening during frequent colds and is very useful for children for proper and harmonious development.
Diving can be paired or single, and can be classified into diving from a platform or from a springboard. During a springboard jump, the performance of acrobatic elements and the cleanliness of the swimmer's entry into the water are assessed. In pair competitions, the synchronization of the athletes is added to the evaluation.
Also, the overall aesthetic and harmonious impression of completing the task influences the assessment. Diving competitions take place in regular swimming pools, at least 4.5 meters deep and with good lighting.
Synchronized swimming for beginners
The essence of this kind swimming reflected in his name. Competitions in this discipline are watched by most of the population both in our country and abroad. This type of swimming involves performing figures in the water to music. Competitions can be paired or team.
Synchronized swimming for beginners - They are assessed by judges, like figure skating, with two assessments: technical execution of the program and artistry. Girls who choose this sport must have great endurance, be fluent in many swimming styles, and also have choreographic and gymnastic skills.
As a result of these efforts, everyone around can watch performances that are breathtaking in execution and filled with extraordinary beauty and grace. The elements of the program amaze the imagination with their subtlety and grace of movements in the water. At tournaments and championships, girls perform a short compulsory program and a long free program.
Another sport that requires swimming is water polo. This game type has many fans and spectators. Serious battles take place within the walls of the pool, with the participation of very strong and physically trained swimmers.
Swimming for a full body workout - choose wisely Good swimming skills alone are not enough to play water polo. For a successful game, the participants require both team unity and excellent preparation of each athlete individually. In water polo, the game lasts 4 periods of 8 minutes.
Each team is given 25 seconds to attack, then the ball passes to the opponent. Powerful techniques are not allowed, and there are penalties for them: penalty throws and deletions. The game involves 6 players and 1 goalkeeper on each team. The depth of the pool for this game must be at least 1.8 meters. Teams play in hats of different colors and players are not allowed to remove their hats until the end of the game.
These are the main ones kinds swimming which they are engaged in V pool.
